The End Of World War II - 1348 Words

The end of World War II was not just the end of a war, but also the beginning of a tense and dynamic period that affected society on all levels. This â€Å"postwar† period, as it became known, shaped the world, as we know it today; likewise, the period was shaped itself both by the war that had preceded it, and the powerful forces that surrounded it. As the energy of fundamentally different ideologies, Communism and Democracy collided with advances in science such as the nuclear bomb, a dangerous environment ensued that created an atmosphere of paranoia throughout the world and especially, within America. This atmosphere is known broadly as the â€Å"Cold War.† While the Cold War played out step-by-step between the United States and the Soviet Union, it was simultaneously playing out in the everyday lives of the masses within their borders. Paranoia, nevertheless, was not an effect that followed immediately after the close of the War. In fact, the United States had enjoyed an extended period of economic expansion during the war, and following the war the U.S. economy continued with great strength for more than a decade. Life in America, consequently, was arguably better than it had ever been. The middle class had swelled, unemployment rates were some of the lowest in history, and the â€Å"American Dream† was for many families a reality. It is in this same period that the political forces of Communism and Democracy collide head-on. Judt claims, it was in these post-war years, between 1947Show MoreRelatedThe End Of World War II984 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The dominance of world by the United States started by the end of World War II. The dominance marked the beginning of the cold war which dominated the world affairs up to the early 1990s.The United States and its partners faced the Soviet Union and its allies. The war was marked by a lack of global wars but a persistent regional proxy war. From this time, the U.S administration has pursued a single grand strategy, deep engagement. However, with the endless debate on the promotion ofRead MoreThe End Of World War II924 Words   |  4 PagesThe end of World War II saw two opposing superpowers emerging in the form of the United States of America and the Soviet Union. After dealing with Nazi Germany, these two superpowers sought to spread their individual influence throughout the world and thus the Cold War began. The Cold War wasn t a direct War but a series of proxy wars and decades of intimidation, propaganda and espionage. Germany was occupied after the war and the Soviet Union cont rolled the area surrounding Berlin but not the cityRead MoreWorld War II : The End Of The War975 Words   |  4 Pages World War II was a war that had started for the first. With two sides the Allied Powers versus the Axis Powers. The end of the war went out with a bang. World War II was a gigantic fascinating process of events; the war itself started on September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945. There are many fascinating things about World War II, but the beginning is always interesting. Coming just two decades after the last great global conflict World War I. The Second World War was the most widespread and deadliestRead MoreThe End Of World War II1684 Words   |  7 Pages At the end of World War II was a time of great relief for Americans. With the economic boom that followed on its heels, it was also a time of great optimism. Yet for many scientists especially those who had contributed their talents and expertise to the development of America’s atomic bomb; the end of this war and the lead-up to the Cold War was also a time of great anxiety. The creation of the bomb led them to one conclusion that any future war could bring the end of the world as they knew it.Read MoreThe End Of World War II974 Words   |  4 Pages The end of World War II caused major concerns for the world’s major powers as the debates for how to prevent the rise of Germany for a third time began. It quickly became evident that the divide between the communist leaders of Russia and the leaders of the free world (the United States, France, and England) would cause a difficult situation. As negotiations progressed and the Powers divided control of Germanys concurred r egions the struggle took shape. The capital of Germany lied in the middleRead MoreThe End Of World War II2149 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction The end of World War II implied a new era of Global Business; the era of open borders, globalization and therefore free trade. In the 21st century, a flourishing world economy can no longer be imagined with existing trade barriers and high quotas, advocators argue. The world economic system and our wellbeing, are highly dependent on both economic growth and globalization, which in turn are reliant on â€Å"the absence of artificial barriers to the free flow of goods and services betweenRead MoreJap The End Of World War II1477 Words   |  6 PagesAt the end of World War II, the United States took occupation of Japan in an under the pretext of leading the nation toward a path of democracy. However, it appears that the intent of the United States has changed over time. Instead of helping Japan in the years after WWII, the United States used Japan as a pawn to better its own interests. In 1946, General MacArthur the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) asked United States citizens to take the responsibility of writing a new constitutionRead MoreThe United Nations And The End Of World War II1408 Words   |  6 PagesJapan force at the end of World War II the world has become a more even vulnerable place. A second world was fought only thirteen after the First World War that was started by the same nation. The newly found League of Nations places sanction on the Weimer Republic but even those sanctions fail and the whole world had to pay the price. With the failure of the League of Nation a new international organization called The United Nations was founded in 1945 to help make the world a safer place for itsRead MoreDid The Atomic Bomb Be End World War II?1115 Words   |  5 PagesNecessary to Drop the Atomic Bomb to End World War II? Inventions have been accomplished due to the vast technology that is in place. Technology has led to the advancement of warfare in most parts of the world. The same technology has resulted in inventions that range from gunpowder to the atom that is splitting the environments across the borders. These inventions have led to some countries being able to leap over other weaker countries when it comes to war. Among all these inventions, the atomicRead MoreThe Political Leaders Following The End Of World War II2122 Words   |  9 Pagesextend did weak political leaders following the end of World War II result in the Communist Party assuming complete political control over Czechoslovakia?† This investigation is significant because it addresses how a political group had the power to overwhelm not only a government, but also an entire country. The shift from a social democracy to communism resulted in many changes within Czechoslovakia, some of which are still present today, despite the end of the communist regime. This investigation

The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin Literary Analysis

Making a literary analysis involves writing an argumentative analysis about a particular literature. The analyst is supposed to carefully read the literature and better understand the contents so as to come up with legal analysis. It requires some summary, but it is not a report about the book or the story. It is important in making the reader to understand the message in the book as well as the improvements necessary the literature. It is also important in understanding how a particular author articulates his or her ideas. The real analysis looks at the interpretation of the writer of a particular text through careful examination of the choices that the writer made within the text. The options include the author’s selection of words, his†¦show more content†¦The disappointments then kill her hope. This story showed the oppressive nature of marriage in eighteen hundred reflects the era though does not represent it. The story shows why women detested marriage and stil l detest it because they view marriage as bondage. Chopin tells the story through the narrator’s voice and relating to it though she does not do it in the first person. The narrator is acutely aware that Mrs. Mallard was not in love with her husband who shows that the writer is not just an observer, but she understands the characters very well. According to paragraph fifteen, the narrator explains how Mrs. Louise Mallard did not love her husband. It is a distinct feature that the writer who is the narrator, in this case, knows more than what can the audience can observe. The narrator does not tell the readers about the real feelings of Mrs. Louise Mallard. Instead, she allows the readers to find the information for themselves from the story which is habit exhibited by most of the writers. The readers are supposed to locate the information about the feelings of Mrs. Louise Mallard from assessing her words and actions to understand the feelings of Mrs. Mallard. In paragraph five of the story, the fact that Mrs. Louise Mallard’s husband is still alive means that she will still be held in the marriage she much detests. Repression could clearly be read from her face. Mrs. Louise Mallard knowsShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin856 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 1302 11 November 2017 Literary Analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin The Story of an Hour is a short story written by Kate Chopin which was published in 1894 as â€Å"The Dream of an Hour† in Vogue. When the word marriage hits our mind, we think it as a lasting relationship. Marriage is a commitment between two individuals bonded by holy ceremony. The story of an hour presents the side of marriage which is usually unheard. The main character of the story is Mrs. Louise Mallard. SheRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Kate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour 1274 Words   |  6 PagesHaley Morrow Mrs. Crook AP English 25 Sept. 2015 Feminist Literary Theory in The Story of an Hour Women are no stranger to a socially constrained lifestyle and society, especially in the late 1800’s. Women were believed to live a certain way, fulfill certain roles and duties in the household, and to be extremely fragile and weak. This type of culture still exists today but not to the extreme that it once was. Kate Chopin, however, not afraid speak out against the implications of society breaks freeRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour1323 Words   |  6 Pagestheir need for â€Å"protection† under an onerous marriage. In The Story of an Hour, through peculiar sentence structure, feministic themes, and irony, Kate Chopin portrays the resentment of women towards the oppressive institution of marriage through Mrs. Mallard’s joviality for her newly discovered freedom- a product of her husband’s assumed passing. Body Paragraph #1- Literary Device: Sentence Structure Kate Chopin commences the short story with â€Å"Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heartRead MoreThe Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is very intriguing, not only because of the emotional change Louise Mallard goes through the hour after her husband’s tragic death but also the way Chopin uses irony in the story. During this analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we will discuss the summary, plot, setting, tone, theme, point of view, emotions of Louise Mallard and other characters involved in the story. Chopin’s story uses the feelings of a married womanRead MoreEssay The Story of an Hour1105 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin’s impressive literary piece, The Story of an Hour, encompasses the story of an hour of life, an hour of freedom. We must seize the day and live our lives to the fullest without any constraints. This very rich and complete short story carries a lot of meaning and touches a readers feelings as well as mind. Throughout this piece much symbolism is brought about, which only helps us to understand the meaning and succe ss of Kate Chopin’s work. Kate allows her reader to think and allowsRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin862 Words   |  4 PagesFiction Analysis: The Story of an Hour Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, is about one married woman’s true hidden feelings of being married in the 19th century. The story was published in 1894, a time where it was unacceptable for women to express their wants and needs as a woman. Women were not seen equal to men and did not have the same privileges as men such as voting. Therefore, some of her literary works were considered controversial. It wasn’t soon until the late 20 centuryRead MoreAn Examination Of How Kate Chopin s Work1298 Words   |  6 PagesENGL 1102 – Comp/Lit Essay 2 (Mulry) Sellers, James R – 920022413 Due Date: April 20, 2015 An Examination of How Kate Chopin’s Works Taken Together Contribute to our Understanding of Her Time and the Place of Women in Society Looking at themes present in his short stories and novels, Kate Chopin presents examples of female strength and an assertive rebellion to the social norms during the late 1800s. By seeking to transparently and boldly portray the risquà © behavior of her lead characters, whichRead MoreThe Story of a Widow in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour Essay840 Words   |  4 Pagespersistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature.† Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is the story of a woman’s reaction to the news of her husband’s passing. Mrs. Louise Mallard is a young woman most would conclude to be saddened by the passing of her husband. Yet it is in that very moment we find her true feelings. Kate Chopin was born Katherine O’Flaherty on February 8, 1850 in St. Louis Missouri. She was the only child born to her parentsRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour, And Tillie Olsen s `` The Yellow Wallpaper ``1150 Words   |  5 Pagespolitically, culturally, and several more ways. This essay will highlight and analyze the cultural aspects of feminism from the texts of Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, Donald Hall’s â€Å"Feminist Analysis† from Literary and Cultural Theory, Charlotte Gilman’s short story †The Yellow Wallpaper†, Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, and Tillie Olsen’s short story â€Å"Tell Me A Riddle.† Cultural feminism, the ideology of the roles and stereotypical characteristics of women. Therefore, women are unableRead More Critical Analysis of Mrs. Mallards Emotions in The Story of an Hour679 Words   |  3 PagesWrite a critical analysis of any aspect of The Story of an Ho ur which you found of interest and significance. Kate Chopins `The Story of an Hour is a short yet complex piece describing the feelings of Mrs Mallard. This story is overflowing with symbolism and imagery. The most prominent theme here is the longing for freedom. Chopin focuses on unfolding the emotional state of Mrs Mallard which can be separated into three stages: quickly moving to grief, through a sense of newfound freedom, and

Psychodynamic and Behavioral Theories to Psychotherapy

Question: Discuss about the Psychodynamic and Behavioral Theories to Psychotherapy. Answer: Introduction: Counseling outcome also referred as the therapeutic change, measures extent up to which therapeutic goals are achieved after the completion of the therapeutic regimen. There are different forces of psychotherapy theories corresponding to significant historical developments in psychotherapy theory and counseling. First three forces of counseling and psychotherapy are psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural and existential therapies. Psychodynamic therapies: First force of the counseling and psychotherapy theories is psychodynamic theories of personality and psychotherapy. These psychodynamic theories are the most intricate portion of the psychological theories. For the first time work on the psychodynamic theories was carried out by Sigmund Freud through psychotherapy named psychoanalysis. Psychodynamic and psychoanalytic terminologies confound many people. However, work by Freuds considered as psychoanalytic and work after that considered as psychodynamic. Psychodynamic therapists focus more on patients with depression and anxiety because these patients need more psychology counseling (Ferruccio Mark, 2012). According to this psychoanalysis theory, individuals present and future is mostly influenced by his/her past. Change and progression in the individual can be effectively achieved by invading in the past and becoming aware of the past instances. Working of the psychoanalysis is mainly based on the two factors like working alliance and transference. Both these factors has significant role in the psychoanalysis. In working alliance there is the successful analysis of the client and it depends on the balanced and supportive relationship between the therapist and the client. In transference, client unintentionally express feelings in front of the therapist and therapist makes conclusion of the clients past through these feelings. Psychoanalysis is very accurate in understanding feelings of the clients through interpretations by the therapist and reflections by the client (Hayes, 2000). Psychodynamic theory is helpful in explaining the personality of the client both in conscious and uncons cious state; however more emphasis is given to unconscious state. This unconscious mind always would be constant struggle. Most of the negative behavior has its own cause and it is mostly related to the unconscious state. Psychodynamic theory states that diverse conflicts at the childhood are responsible for the different personality characters of the person. According to psychodynamic theory, human actions and functions are specifically based on the integration of drives and forces within the person and diverse characters of the personality. Few people argued that psychodynamic theories are unscientific because these theories are more subjective in nature and it would be difficult to study it scientifically (Purton, 2014). Cognitive-Behavioural therapies : Cognitive-Behavioural Theories are the second forces of the counseling and psychotherapy theories. It is mainly based on two foundations like Cognitive and Behavioral foundation of the individual. In cognitive approach different types of therapies are available and these therapies are ranging from the solely cognitive to the behavioral and humanistic components. According to cognitive therapy person develops emotional impenetrability due to dilemma in thought process. Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Therapy and Beck's Cognitive Therapy are the prominent cognitive psychotherapies available and these are problem-oriented, directive, and educational. Cognitive therapies brought positive changes in the clients by identifying and replacing unreasonable or maladaptive thoughts. Behavioral therapies are theoretically and technically varied from the cognitive therapies. Behavioral therapies are based on the principle of alteration in the bothersome behavior w ith the help of principles of learning theory. In general, behavioral therapies are not much concerned about the causes behind the altered behavior (Prochaska Norcross, 2013). Techniques used in the behavioral therapies are specific and replicable. As these behavioral therapies are specific, therapeutic relationship in these therapies varied from one therapy and technique to another. Behavioral therapist understands clients very well and they are open and honest in their job. As congnitive-behavioural therapy gave more emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual, it also distinguishes individual from other people and presents individual as contrast as compared to the other individual. Cognitive- behavioural therapist prefers clinets to respond to them and therapist fascilitate this by supporting to cope up with negative events and providing the freedom. Cognitive-behavoural thearapy prefers to develop skills in the clients so that these clinets would be in good shape to choose and act in the direction of developing their own destiny. This results in the self-actualization in the client. In the recent years affects and emotions were given more emphasis in case of cognitive-behavioural therapy. According to cognitive-behavioural therapy, emotions of the clinets are required to be explored because emotions are directly related to the activities to control, master and emphasize internal events of the client (Holmes et al 2009). Cognitive-behavioral therapy states that healthy condition of the client is able to accommodate anxiety and trying to suppress the negative effects due to the anxiety. According to Rogers cognitive-behavioral, therapy changes can occur in the clients as these clients become more aware of the emotional feedback and use this to modify their relations with the therapist. Gestalt therapy also identified that the awareness acquired by the clients, is helpful for the bringing chnagfes in the clients. This awareness also would be helpful for the client to guide themselves towards the positive change and restrict themselves form the negative experiences. Cognitive- behavioral therapy emphasizes on the exploring different types of awareness and behaviours through different experiments. Existential-Humanistic therapies : This is the third force of the psychotherapy. Most important process of the counseling like listening skills were obtained from the Existential-Humanistic force of the psychotherapy. Existential theories are based on the genuine information about mind, body, experience and environment. Therapeutic relationship has its importance in two ways in existential therapy like as source of information for therapy and during process of the therapy. Existential therapists understand their clients and share their feeling, however they never lose their genuine relationship with the client. Existential theories can be categorized into traditional and humanistic existential theories. Traditional theories are mainly based on the traditional psychoanalytical procedures and humanistic theories are mainly based on the present conditions. Humanistic theories are more positive in nature and direct the client towards the meaningful aim in the life. Existential therapy st resses existence of the individual to the surrounding world and existence of the people is directly related to the environment surrounding the individual (Iacovou Weixel-Dixon, 2015). There is the existence of the different humanistic existential therapies like Carl Rogers' Person Centered therapy, Viktor FrankPs Logotherapy and Fritz Perls' Gestalt Therapy. Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy suggests that there is a difference between a person's self-image and actual condition, which is termed as incongruent. These realities created by individuals on their own. This dual reality in the person produces splitting up in the mind of the person and finally leads to the emotional distress. Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy has significant contribution to the evolution and development of the psychotherapy (Dryden, 2002). Integration of theories: In recent times, it has been proved that approaches used in the existential psychotherapy can be used effectively for the advancement of cognitive-behavioral therapy. As a result existential therapy can also be utilized as complement to the cognitive-behavioral therapy. These are also the characteristics of human being, hence integration of these two theories can proved to be more fruitful in the psychotherapy and counseling. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential therapy are based on the specific individuals and human beings also have their own freedom to think and act. Both cognitive-behavior therapy and existential therapy are based on the experience of the individual and makes conclusions based on the verbal processes instead of interpretations. However, integration of the existential and cognitive - behavioral therapy is not possible in all the cases. Loss on interest in life and hopeless thoughts about the future are very specific existential prob lems in the psychotherapy. These types of typical existential problems cannot be handled using traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy. Because, future is generally considered to be handled in the last relapse phase on the cognitive behavioral therapy. Hence, more research needs to be done for handling such difficult clients (Hayes 2004; Trower et al., 1988). In existential therapy, exploration of the existing things has more importance as compared to the non-existing things. In cognitive-behavioral therapy also more emphasis was given to existing things as compared to the non-existing things. Few approaches are followed in psychotherapy which has existence both in cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential therapy. These approaches are comprised of phenomenological approach, current approach, rational approach, training for coping skills, plan for the future, use of experimental techniques, conscious choice, consciousness, intentionality, freedom and non working with non-existing things (Beskow Miro 2004). In cognitive-behavioral therapy more emphasis was given to the uniqueness of the individual and according to the existential therapy, persons unique existence gets affected by the surrounding environment. By virtue of integration of the cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential therapy, these both issues can be addressed effectiv ely. According to cognitive-behavioral therapy basic schemas developed in the early childhood and adolescence are due to the postulation about self, others and the world. In the similar way, existential therapy also based on the existence of evidence from the past. In general, Cognitive and behavioural therapy accepts existential perspective (Young et al 2003). These forces of the psychotherapy had major contribution for the evolution and development of the psychotherapy research, advancement and practice. For each of the forces therapeutic approach is different and unique to each force of the psychotherapy. Each of these approaches was derived from the individual theoretical principles. As a result, each of these forces develops different therapeutic methods with varied therapeutic relationship. Influences of theories: Being a counselor, these theories brought many positive and productive changes in me. Psychodynamic theory helped me to understand the unconscious motivations of the client which would be helpful in altering the problematic and unacceptable behavior, feelings and thought process of the client. Psychodynamic theories also helped me to work very closely with the clients. From the psychodynamic theory, I understand that patient can understand about themselves. I could understand this fact through interactions with them during therapeutic relations. Psychodynamic theory helped to link unconscious thoughts of the client from childhood experiences and clients current behavior. Desensitizing is a classical conditioning action mentioned in the behavioral therapy. This desensitizing action helped me to reduce the phobia in clients due to repeated actions of anxiety. Operant conditioning was also mentioned in behavioral therapy. This operant conditioning helped to decid e upon giving rewards for positive behavior and punishment for the negative behavior of the client. As cognitive-behavioral therapy incorporates both thoughts and behaviors of clients, it helped me to get complete insight into the clients thinking. Cognitive-behavioral therapy helped me to work in the direction of changing thought process of the client. By changing thought process of the client, I could change the behavior of the client because people changes according to their own feelings. Cognitive-behavioral therapy helped me to understand the clients external stimuli and corresponding changes in the behavior and learning ability. This theory helped me to make clients recognize about the negative thought pattern and change it to the positive thought pattern. Psychodynamic theory is related to the unconscious thoughts and cognitive-behavioral theory is related to the conscious thoughts. These two theories together helped me to understand both conscious and unconscious feelings of the client (McLeod, 2009). Existential-Humanistic Theories helped me utilize clients full potential to bring positive changes in them and to make rational choices. Existential-Humanistic Theories thought me to concern about clients and to respect for clients. Existential-Humanistic Theories helped me to work more towards the client-centered therapy. By virtue of this, I tried to keep myself away from the whole authorities of the clients inner experience. Existential-Humanistic Theories helped me to understand the free will and self determination of the client. Cognitive behavioral theory is focused on the future development and Existential-Humanistic Theories are based on the past experience. Hence, both these theories together helped me to understand past of the client and also helped me to plan for the future of the client (Marty, 2012). As a counselor, these psychological theories helped me to build strong association with client and counsel them in the proper way. References: Beskow, A.P. Miro, M.T. (2004). Cognitive psychotherapy and the development of consiousness. Living with conviviality. Intellecta DocuSys, Goteborg. Dryden, W. (2002). Handbook of Individual Therapy . SAGE Publications Ltd. Ferruccio, O. Mark, J. S. (2012). Theory and Practice of Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy. Karnac Books. Hayes, N. (2000). Foundations of Psychology. Cengage Learning EMEA. Hayes, S.C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy and the new behavior therapies: Mindfulness, acceptance, and relationship. In: Hayes SC, Follette VM, Linehan MM, editors. Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York: The Guilford Press. Holmes, E.A, Lang, T.J., Deeprose, C. (2009). Mental Imagery and Emotion in Treatment across Disorders: Using the Example of Depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy, 20, 1. Iacovou, S. Weixel-Dixon, K. (2015). Existential Therapy: 100 Key Points and Techniques. Routledge. McLeod, J. (2009). Introduction To Counselling. McGraw-Hill Education. Marty, S. (2012). Psychodynamic, Affective, and Behavioral Theories to Psychotherapy. Charles C Thomas Publisher. Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C. (2013). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. Cengage Learning. Purton, C. (2014). The Trouble with Psychotherapy: Counselling and Common Sense. Palgrave Macmillan. Trower, P., Casey, A., Dryden, W. (1988). Cognitive-behavioural Counselling in Action. SAGE Publications Ltd. Young, J.E., Weishaar, M.E., Klosko, J.S. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioners Guide. New York, Guilford.

Occupational Health Hazards

Question: Write a short discussion ondiscussion about the occupational health hazards while working in any chemical laboratory. Answer: This report provides a discussion about the occupational health hazards while working in any chemical laboratory. It provides a full description of the workplace where the workers work and also the duration of their stay in the workplace. The occupational health hazards chosen includes health problems like cancer, cardiovascular diseases and many other diseases involved while workers are working in the chemical laboratory. There are many risks like biological, potential and chemical hazards associated with working in chemical laboratories. It describes the measures taken by the management to control such hazards and the effects it has on minimizing the hazards. It explains a detailed care plan process developed for determining the patients health goals and outcomes of the program. Working in the chemical laboratory in any industry or factory serves to be very harmful in determining anyones health. Many of the workers are employed in laboratories all over the world. The environment of the laboratory can serve to be highly harmful to the workers working over there. Workers are always exposed to several kinds of toxic elements that can cause potential health hazards which may be due to chemicals, biological, physical and radioactive hazards. Additionally they can also lead to other factors such as musculoskeletal stress. Keeping these in mind, laboratory safety has been given muc importance by several local, state and federal regulations. The type and extent of the hazard caused due to the chemicals depend on the duration of their exposure to the harmful environment and also the location of working (Armarego and Chai, 2013). The health hazards include the development of life-threatening diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and much more. By identifying the associated hazards the potential problems and diseases caused by them can be highly regulated and minimized. The most common biological hazards include exposure of the worker to bl ood borne pathogens by the use of needle sticks, pipettes, glass slides or other equipments. It also involves exposure to airborne pathogens caused by direct contact with infectious patients (Ugranli et al, 2015). The pathogens are found in tissues as well as excretory materials like faeces, so the chances of exposure to them increase and hence the disease prevalence also increases. Aim of the occupational health program The goal of the designed health program is to determine the hazardous chemicals and implementation of the ways to solve the potential risks faced by the workers due to these chemicals. The risk assessment is done to identify the workers who are at the risk of exposure, the sources that cause the risk, and the efficiencies of existing control measures. Risk assessment can be of various types and determination of the kinds too becomes necessary (Ugranli et al, 2015). A basic assessment contains all the information on the safety data sheets. It also contains information as to whether the hazardous chemicals are under control or not. While in the generic assessment, the assessment of a particular area is focused on. Risk assessment can be done by grouping the professionals in a group that performs similar work. The routes of entry of the chemicals should be determined for understanding the potential risks due to exposure. Determination of the workers who are directly or indirectly relate d to the developmental risks can even be helpful in finding the ways to solve the problems (Turgeon 2015). Chemical laboratories and its environment The chemical laboratory is the most hazardous place to work for any human being. The laboratory which we are focusing upon being the laboratories using diacetyl as catalyst in manufacturing flavorings. The flavors need to be removed as they contribute in forming negative health effects. Though chemicals are found everywhere, laboratories are the place where they are stored, and most of the works are performed there. Many cases of severe lung diseases are found among workers in laboratories where diacetyl is manufactured (Magnavita 2016). The combination of more chemicals helps in increasing the harms. Chemicals may create various harmful elements in the form of dust, liquids, gases and others. Chemical laboratories are present in many institutions, colleges and big pharmaceutical and chemical companies. Chemicals are necessary for the preparation of various products which may be useful and harmful too. The useful products made out of chemicals include bleaching powder and chemical po wders that benefit humans. Bleaching powder helps in purification of water and also helps in cleaning of floors. But handling those chemicals for manufacturing any product is the entirely different thing. As it can be seen that the chemical laboratories are the places where several people work together and perform their functions accordingly (Turgeon 2015). The laboratories are generally established in places which are far and distant from the normal workplaces. It comprises of employees who are above the age of 25 years. The working employees in laboratories are mainly males as males are more preferred for such activities which involve much risk. However, individuals with a prior knowledge in the field or with an experience of at least one or two years are chosen for handling such chemicals. The workers in the chemical laboratories have to work for more than 10 hours a day in under difficult conditions. But in big companies, they need to work for more than 10 hours, and this is the only reasons why the hazards are more prevalent in their cases. Exposure to different chemicals on a regular basis and for a longer duration will surely affect the health conditions of employees exposed to such environment. Frequent exposure to chemicals which are potentially more dangerous can even lead to mutation of the skin which ultimately causes cancer (Scott et al, 2015). In big companies, more number of workers indulges as laboratory technicians. They have to deal with varieties of chemicals in a day.Review and literatureThe Australian National OHS Strategy 2002- 2012 focused on prevention of occupational diseases more efficiently and was among one of their priorities. They identified eight hazards which can be potentially more dangerous. Additionally they also point out that chemical hazards are the prime causes of most deadly diseases like cancer, respiratory diseases and contact dermatitis. It was found that between the years 2000-2001 to 2006-2007 the rates of respirato ry diseases increased along with the rates of occupational cancers. The international labor organization in 1996, reported that chemicals are part of our daily life and are unavoidable (Scott et al, 2015). A report published by World health organization in 2004 states that about 4.9 millions of deaths and 86 million disability-adjusted life years were recognized due to their exposure to selected chemicals.As per an analysis by Safe Work Australia for the session 2006- 2007, it was observed that the 1350 people were found to be influenced by their exposure to chemicals. Out of these, 880 people were affected due to their single contact exposures, 400 were affected due to long-term exposure, and 70 were not designated to any kind of exposure. The major health and safety problems faced by laboratory technicians are due to exposure to toxic, corrosive and flammable chemicals which catch fire easily, using compressed gases, handling blood samples and body fluids that contain infectious a gents (Driscoll et al, 2016). Some physical hazards and also recognized as a use of radioactive materials, lasers, and others (da Silva 2016). The use of cryopreservative agents likes liquid nitrogen and solid carbon dioxide. Working in the same environment and in the same position can also cause problems like back and arm pain. Electrical dangers are also felt while working with electrical instruments and devices. Cutting and itching of skin by exposure to chemicals and by broken glasses. The use of chemical agents in laboratories not only imparts these problems, but it also offers some of the potential dangers to human life (Simoneti et al, 2015). Exposure of a person to pesticides, mercury, carbon monoxide and other chemicals can affect the brain and nervous system. Exposure to mists, welding fumes can affect the regions of eye, nose and throat (Scott et al, 2015). Lungs get damaged due to exposure to acids and welding fumes. Liver damage can also be observed with exposure to vin yl chloride. Bladder harms are caused by exposure to azo dyes. Risk assessment The risks associated while working in laboratories can be assessed by monitoring or conducting surveys in any particular area. The risks can be assessed by observing the primary sources of information which are in the form of Chemical Hygiene Plan in any laboratory. CHP contains the standard procedures for working with specific hazardous chemicals (Magnavita 2016). Material safety data sheets often serve as sources for assessing the risks and evaluation of hazards. These are technical documents that contain basic information regarding any chemical and potential risks. The sheets also explain the toxicity levels and health hazards, including storage and handling procedures. Ethical regulationsThe University of Western Australia has implemented codes that should be followed by all the laboratory workers and are introduced to minimize the chances of development of health hazards to human health. The Universi ty of Australia has several codes. According to this, the people working in laboratories should have to be perfectly trained, informed and supervised. The Western Australian Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984, aims to promote and secure the safety and health of every individual working in any workplace (Mann et al, 2014). Health occupational planThe health occupational health plan for the workers in chemical laboratories includes- identification of the various hazardous chemicals of concern, methods adopted for managing the risks associated with the hazardous chemicals, and determination of the exposure time to that particular chemical. It also involves preparation of a list of dangerous chemicals, maintenance of safety data sheets, assessment of the risks, controlling risks by eliminating hazards by substitution, isolation or using personal protective equipment, enhancing the controlling measures and lastly monitoring the outcomes of the methods implemented (Magnavita 2016).By observing and consulting workers, it can be understood as to whether the standard procedures which are implemented on the workers are efficient or not. The employees are advised to fill up the self- evaluation form so that their working process and duration of exposure can be known. The investigation process is done by determining the rate of hazardous chemicals. It also helps in ascertaining the rate of harm the chemicals might have caused to the workers. The data regarding the accumulation level of the airborne pathogen are determined by a simple static area sampling. The amount of exposure can sometimes be determined by observing the workers. Biological methods of monitoring can be significantly useful for determining the level of absorbance of the chemicals through the skin. One of the ways in which a plan can be implemented is by designing less hazardous laboratory processes and reaction conditions. Use of safer solvents and non- hazardous chemicals will cause less harm. Moreo ver degradation of the hazardous products and by-products which are formed after the completion of any kind of chemical reaction may also beneficial (da Silva 2016). Another advantageous technique may be designing of the experimental setups in a way that can help in reducing cases of injuries, accidents and exposures to laboratory. Additionally, checking the hazardous properties of any substance before its use in any chemical reactions may also be profitable (Lu et al, 2016). The associated risks can be controlled by following the hierarchy of control. The risk can be minimized by methods like substitution, separation and by implementation of engineering controls (Galante et al, 2016). Elimination of the hazard is the first and basic step which will be considered. This can be done by using nails inspite of using chemical based adhesives. Substitution is another method of resolving problems as replacing the hazardous chemical with non- hazardous ones will assist in resolving problems (Connor et al, 2016). It can be done by using less combustible liquids and solvents in place of highly inflammable ones. Isolating the more hazardous chemicals from the less hazardous ones can be an efficient practice for minimizing the exposures to hazardous chemicals (Lee et al, 2016). Methods to minimize the risks of occupational health hazardsThe engineering control methods can also be implemented in the program for minimizing the risks of development of hazards from chemicals. The engineering control process that can be used includes using intrinsically safe electrical equipment in hazardous areas. Local exhaust ventilations can be used to capture airborne contaminants close to the source of generation. Personal protective equipments if used in the workplace can help in minimizing the hazards (Bahr 2014). The equipment includes aprons, footwear, gloves, chemical resistant glass, face shields, and respirators. The more specific control measures include the use of labels and dat a sheets (Bahr 2014). The fire and explosion risks can be controlled by designing buildings in a way that ventilation is present, which can avoid the creation of hazardous atmospheres (Lee et al, 2016). The workers should be advised to follow the programs and ways to minimize the hazards of working in chemical laboratories. The workers should be told to handle the equipment more carefully and using them with more care and attention (Lim 2016). The workers should be reminded every time to use the chemicals very carefully and in proper way avoiding harms. Some measures are adopted as protection against the biological hazards. The methods includes use of own protective equipments such as gloves, respiratory defense, and eye defense which are to be employed depending upon the situation (Connor et al, 2016). Personal Protective Equipments is generally used in association with other protections (engineering and administrative) to provide more defenses to employees. The major forms of Pers onal Protective Equipments are constructed to protect the employees against infectious disease by cracking the groups of infection at the point of entrance or escape of the pathogens (Bahr 2014). This means that all Personal Protective Equipments is framed to minimize exposure by the unique ways of transmission. Exposure through the skin contact route can be minimized by using gloves, gowns, and other protective clothing and help contain the pathogens in the workplace (Driscoll et al, 2016). Implementation of the planOnce the whole occupational program is planned out, it is to be implemented and monitored for evaluating the associated risks. Regular checkups and follow ups of the workers are conducted to ascertain the instructions are followed by the employers are not. This should be done on a monthly basis by having the employees fill the self- evaluation form which asks about the problems faced by the employees and the work habitants. In this way, the employees will also be able t o feel the change brought about by an implementation of the programs and plans. Conclusion As seen from the discussion, the employees working in chemical laboratories face a lot of health issues. The main health issues are- cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and skin problems, such as dermatitis and many others. This issue needs to be considered as the rules and methods set out in the country are not set well. In the recent strategies followed many changes are still there which are to be incorporated. The methods adopted like personal protective equipment, engineering controlled methods, and other methods are playing important roles in eliminating or minimizing the hazards. The employees should be well informed about the ill- effects of using chemicals in laboratories. They should be trained on the correct use of chemicals. The occupational program set out for the observed risk will be regularly monitored by assessing the employees through questionnaires and by assessing the duration of their exposure to chemicals. This would help in minimizing the risks faced by workers wor king in chemical laboratories to a great extent. Reference Armarego, W.L. and Chai, C.L.L., 2013. Purification of laboratory chemicals. Butterworth-Heinemann.Bahr, N.J., 2014. 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