The End Of World War II - 1348 Words

The end of World War II was not just the end of a war, but also the beginning of a tense and dynamic period that affected society on all levels. This â€Å"postwar† period, as it became known, shaped the world, as we know it today; likewise, the period was shaped itself both by the war that had preceded it, and the powerful forces that surrounded it. As the energy of fundamentally different ideologies, Communism and Democracy collided with advances in science such as the nuclear bomb, a dangerous environment ensued that created an atmosphere of paranoia throughout the world and especially, within America. This atmosphere is known broadly as the â€Å"Cold War.† While the Cold War played out step-by-step between the United States and the Soviet Union, it was simultaneously playing out in the everyday lives of the masses within their borders. Paranoia, nevertheless, was not an effect that followed immediately after the close of the War. In fact, the United States had enjoyed an extended period of economic expansion during the war, and following the war the U.S. economy continued with great strength for more than a decade. Life in America, consequently, was arguably better than it had ever been. The middle class had swelled, unemployment rates were some of the lowest in history, and the â€Å"American Dream† was for many families a reality. It is in this same period that the political forces of Communism and Democracy collide head-on. Judt claims, it was in these post-war years, between 1947Show MoreRelatedThe End Of World War II984 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The dominance of world by the United States started by the end of World War II. The dominance marked the beginning of the cold war which dominated the world affairs up to the early 1990s.The United States and its partners faced the Soviet Union and its allies. The war was marked by a lack of global wars but a persistent regional proxy war. From this time, the U.S administration has pursued a single grand strategy, deep engagement. However, with the endless debate on the promotion ofRead MoreThe End Of World War II924 Words   |  4 PagesThe end of World War II saw two opposing superpowers emerging in the form of the United States of America and the Soviet Union. After dealing with Nazi Germany, these two superpowers sought to spread their individual influence throughout the world and thus the Cold War began. The Cold War wasn t a direct War but a series of proxy wars and decades of intimidation, propaganda and espionage. Germany was occupied after the war and the Soviet Union cont rolled the area surrounding Berlin but not the cityRead MoreWorld War II : The End Of The War975 Words   |  4 Pages World War II was a war that had started for the first. With two sides the Allied Powers versus the Axis Powers. The end of the war went out with a bang. World War II was a gigantic fascinating process of events; the war itself started on September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945. There are many fascinating things about World War II, but the beginning is always interesting. Coming just two decades after the last great global conflict World War I. The Second World War was the most widespread and deadliestRead MoreThe End Of World War II1684 Words   |  7 Pages At the end of World War II was a time of great relief for Americans. With the economic boom that followed on its heels, it was also a time of great optimism. Yet for many scientists especially those who had contributed their talents and expertise to the development of America’s atomic bomb; the end of this war and the lead-up to the Cold War was also a time of great anxiety. The creation of the bomb led them to one conclusion that any future war could bring the end of the world as they knew it.Read MoreThe End Of World War II974 Words   |  4 Pages The end of World War II caused major concerns for the world’s major powers as the debates for how to prevent the rise of Germany for a third time began. It quickly became evident that the divide between the communist leaders of Russia and the leaders of the free world (the United States, France, and England) would cause a difficult situation. As negotiations progressed and the Powers divided control of Germanys concurred r egions the struggle took shape. The capital of Germany lied in the middleRead MoreThe End Of World War II2149 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction The end of World War II implied a new era of Global Business; the era of open borders, globalization and therefore free trade. In the 21st century, a flourishing world economy can no longer be imagined with existing trade barriers and high quotas, advocators argue. The world economic system and our wellbeing, are highly dependent on both economic growth and globalization, which in turn are reliant on â€Å"the absence of artificial barriers to the free flow of goods and services betweenRead MoreJap The End Of World War II1477 Words   |  6 PagesAt the end of World War II, the United States took occupation of Japan in an under the pretext of leading the nation toward a path of democracy. However, it appears that the intent of the United States has changed over time. Instead of helping Japan in the years after WWII, the United States used Japan as a pawn to better its own interests. In 1946, General MacArthur the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) asked United States citizens to take the responsibility of writing a new constitutionRead MoreThe United Nations And The End Of World War II1408 Words   |  6 PagesJapan force at the end of World War II the world has become a more even vulnerable place. A second world was fought only thirteen after the First World War that was started by the same nation. The newly found League of Nations places sanction on the Weimer Republic but even those sanctions fail and the whole world had to pay the price. With the failure of the League of Nation a new international organization called The United Nations was founded in 1945 to help make the world a safer place for itsRead MoreDid The Atomic Bomb Be End World War II?1115 Words   |  5 PagesNecessary to Drop the Atomic Bomb to End World War II? Inventions have been accomplished due to the vast technology that is in place. Technology has led to the advancement of warfare in most parts of the world. The same technology has resulted in inventions that range from gunpowder to the atom that is splitting the environments across the borders. These inventions have led to some countries being able to leap over other weaker countries when it comes to war. Among all these inventions, the atomicRead MoreThe Political Leaders Following The End Of World War II2122 Words   |  9 Pagesextend did weak political leaders following the end of World War II result in the Communist Party assuming complete political control over Czechoslovakia?† This investigation is significant because it addresses how a political group had the power to overwhelm not only a government, but also an entire country. The shift from a social democracy to communism resulted in many changes within Czechoslovakia, some of which are still present today, despite the end of the communist regime. This investigation

The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin Literary Analysis

Making a literary analysis involves writing an argumentative analysis about a particular literature. The analyst is supposed to carefully read the literature and better understand the contents so as to come up with legal analysis. It requires some summary, but it is not a report about the book or the story. It is important in making the reader to understand the message in the book as well as the improvements necessary the literature. It is also important in understanding how a particular author articulates his or her ideas. The real analysis looks at the interpretation of the writer of a particular text through careful examination of the choices that the writer made within the text. The options include the author’s selection of words, his†¦show more content†¦The disappointments then kill her hope. This story showed the oppressive nature of marriage in eighteen hundred reflects the era though does not represent it. The story shows why women detested marriage and stil l detest it because they view marriage as bondage. Chopin tells the story through the narrator’s voice and relating to it though she does not do it in the first person. The narrator is acutely aware that Mrs. Mallard was not in love with her husband who shows that the writer is not just an observer, but she understands the characters very well. According to paragraph fifteen, the narrator explains how Mrs. Louise Mallard did not love her husband. It is a distinct feature that the writer who is the narrator, in this case, knows more than what can the audience can observe. The narrator does not tell the readers about the real feelings of Mrs. Louise Mallard. Instead, she allows the readers to find the information for themselves from the story which is habit exhibited by most of the writers. The readers are supposed to locate the information about the feelings of Mrs. Louise Mallard from assessing her words and actions to understand the feelings of Mrs. Mallard. In paragraph five of the story, the fact that Mrs. Louise Mallard’s husband is still alive means that she will still be held in the marriage she much detests. Repression could clearly be read from her face. Mrs. Louise Mallard knowsShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin856 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 1302 11 November 2017 Literary Analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin The Story of an Hour is a short story written by Kate Chopin which was published in 1894 as â€Å"The Dream of an Hour† in Vogue. When the word marriage hits our mind, we think it as a lasting relationship. Marriage is a commitment between two individuals bonded by holy ceremony. The story of an hour presents the side of marriage which is usually unheard. The main character of the story is Mrs. Louise Mallard. SheRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Kate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour 1274 Words   |  6 PagesHaley Morrow Mrs. Crook AP English 25 Sept. 2015 Feminist Literary Theory in The Story of an Hour Women are no stranger to a socially constrained lifestyle and society, especially in the late 1800’s. Women were believed to live a certain way, fulfill certain roles and duties in the household, and to be extremely fragile and weak. This type of culture still exists today but not to the extreme that it once was. Kate Chopin, however, not afraid speak out against the implications of society breaks freeRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour1323 Words   |  6 Pagestheir need for â€Å"protection† under an onerous marriage. In The Story of an Hour, through peculiar sentence structure, feministic themes, and irony, Kate Chopin portrays the resentment of women towards the oppressive institution of marriage through Mrs. Mallard’s joviality for her newly discovered freedom- a product of her husband’s assumed passing. Body Paragraph #1- Literary Device: Sentence Structure Kate Chopin commences the short story with â€Å"Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heartRead MoreThe Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is very intriguing, not only because of the emotional change Louise Mallard goes through the hour after her husband’s tragic death but also the way Chopin uses irony in the story. During this analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we will discuss the summary, plot, setting, tone, theme, point of view, emotions of Louise Mallard and other characters involved in the story. Chopin’s story uses the feelings of a married womanRead MoreEssay The Story of an Hour1105 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin’s impressive literary piece, The Story of an Hour, encompasses the story of an hour of life, an hour of freedom. We must seize the day and live our lives to the fullest without any constraints. This very rich and complete short story carries a lot of meaning and touches a readers feelings as well as mind. Throughout this piece much symbolism is brought about, which only helps us to understand the meaning and succe ss of Kate Chopin’s work. Kate allows her reader to think and allowsRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin862 Words   |  4 PagesFiction Analysis: The Story of an Hour Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, is about one married woman’s true hidden feelings of being married in the 19th century. The story was published in 1894, a time where it was unacceptable for women to express their wants and needs as a woman. Women were not seen equal to men and did not have the same privileges as men such as voting. Therefore, some of her literary works were considered controversial. It wasn’t soon until the late 20 centuryRead MoreAn Examination Of How Kate Chopin s Work1298 Words   |  6 PagesENGL 1102 – Comp/Lit Essay 2 (Mulry) Sellers, James R – 920022413 Due Date: April 20, 2015 An Examination of How Kate Chopin’s Works Taken Together Contribute to our Understanding of Her Time and the Place of Women in Society Looking at themes present in his short stories and novels, Kate Chopin presents examples of female strength and an assertive rebellion to the social norms during the late 1800s. By seeking to transparently and boldly portray the risquà © behavior of her lead characters, whichRead MoreThe Story of a Widow in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour Essay840 Words   |  4 Pagespersistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature.† Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is the story of a woman’s reaction to the news of her husband’s passing. Mrs. Louise Mallard is a young woman most would conclude to be saddened by the passing of her husband. Yet it is in that very moment we find her true feelings. Kate Chopin was born Katherine O’Flaherty on February 8, 1850 in St. Louis Missouri. She was the only child born to her parentsRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour, And Tillie Olsen s `` The Yellow Wallpaper ``1150 Words   |  5 Pagespolitically, culturally, and several more ways. This essay will highlight and analyze the cultural aspects of feminism from the texts of Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, Donald Hall’s â€Å"Feminist Analysis† from Literary and Cultural Theory, Charlotte Gilman’s short story †The Yellow Wallpaper†, Kate Chopin’s short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, and Tillie Olsen’s short story â€Å"Tell Me A Riddle.† Cultural feminism, the ideology of the roles and stereotypical characteristics of women. Therefore, women are unableRead More Critical Analysis of Mrs. Mallards Emotions in The Story of an Hour679 Words   |  3 PagesWrite a critical analysis of any aspect of The Story of an Ho ur which you found of interest and significance. Kate Chopins `The Story of an Hour is a short yet complex piece describing the feelings of Mrs Mallard. This story is overflowing with symbolism and imagery. The most prominent theme here is the longing for freedom. Chopin focuses on unfolding the emotional state of Mrs Mallard which can be separated into three stages: quickly moving to grief, through a sense of newfound freedom, and

Psychodynamic and Behavioral Theories to Psychotherapy

Question: Discuss about the Psychodynamic and Behavioral Theories to Psychotherapy. Answer: Introduction: Counseling outcome also referred as the therapeutic change, measures extent up to which therapeutic goals are achieved after the completion of the therapeutic regimen. There are different forces of psychotherapy theories corresponding to significant historical developments in psychotherapy theory and counseling. First three forces of counseling and psychotherapy are psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural and existential therapies. Psychodynamic therapies: First force of the counseling and psychotherapy theories is psychodynamic theories of personality and psychotherapy. These psychodynamic theories are the most intricate portion of the psychological theories. For the first time work on the psychodynamic theories was carried out by Sigmund Freud through psychotherapy named psychoanalysis. Psychodynamic and psychoanalytic terminologies confound many people. However, work by Freuds considered as psychoanalytic and work after that considered as psychodynamic. Psychodynamic therapists focus more on patients with depression and anxiety because these patients need more psychology counseling (Ferruccio Mark, 2012). According to this psychoanalysis theory, individuals present and future is mostly influenced by his/her past. Change and progression in the individual can be effectively achieved by invading in the past and becoming aware of the past instances. Working of the psychoanalysis is mainly based on the two factors like working alliance and transference. Both these factors has significant role in the psychoanalysis. In working alliance there is the successful analysis of the client and it depends on the balanced and supportive relationship between the therapist and the client. In transference, client unintentionally express feelings in front of the therapist and therapist makes conclusion of the clients past through these feelings. Psychoanalysis is very accurate in understanding feelings of the clients through interpretations by the therapist and reflections by the client (Hayes, 2000). Psychodynamic theory is helpful in explaining the personality of the client both in conscious and uncons cious state; however more emphasis is given to unconscious state. This unconscious mind always would be constant struggle. Most of the negative behavior has its own cause and it is mostly related to the unconscious state. Psychodynamic theory states that diverse conflicts at the childhood are responsible for the different personality characters of the person. According to psychodynamic theory, human actions and functions are specifically based on the integration of drives and forces within the person and diverse characters of the personality. Few people argued that psychodynamic theories are unscientific because these theories are more subjective in nature and it would be difficult to study it scientifically (Purton, 2014). Cognitive-Behavioural therapies : Cognitive-Behavioural Theories are the second forces of the counseling and psychotherapy theories. It is mainly based on two foundations like Cognitive and Behavioral foundation of the individual. In cognitive approach different types of therapies are available and these therapies are ranging from the solely cognitive to the behavioral and humanistic components. According to cognitive therapy person develops emotional impenetrability due to dilemma in thought process. Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Therapy and Beck's Cognitive Therapy are the prominent cognitive psychotherapies available and these are problem-oriented, directive, and educational. Cognitive therapies brought positive changes in the clients by identifying and replacing unreasonable or maladaptive thoughts. Behavioral therapies are theoretically and technically varied from the cognitive therapies. Behavioral therapies are based on the principle of alteration in the bothersome behavior w ith the help of principles of learning theory. In general, behavioral therapies are not much concerned about the causes behind the altered behavior (Prochaska Norcross, 2013). Techniques used in the behavioral therapies are specific and replicable. As these behavioral therapies are specific, therapeutic relationship in these therapies varied from one therapy and technique to another. Behavioral therapist understands clients very well and they are open and honest in their job. As congnitive-behavioural therapy gave more emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual, it also distinguishes individual from other people and presents individual as contrast as compared to the other individual. Cognitive- behavioural therapist prefers clinets to respond to them and therapist fascilitate this by supporting to cope up with negative events and providing the freedom. Cognitive-behavoural thearapy prefers to develop skills in the clients so that these clinets would be in good shape to choose and act in the direction of developing their own destiny. This results in the self-actualization in the client. In the recent years affects and emotions were given more emphasis in case of cognitive-behavioural therapy. According to cognitive-behavioural therapy, emotions of the clinets are required to be explored because emotions are directly related to the activities to control, master and emphasize internal events of the client (Holmes et al 2009). Cognitive-behavioral therapy states that healthy condition of the client is able to accommodate anxiety and trying to suppress the negative effects due to the anxiety. According to Rogers cognitive-behavioral, therapy changes can occur in the clients as these clients become more aware of the emotional feedback and use this to modify their relations with the therapist. Gestalt therapy also identified that the awareness acquired by the clients, is helpful for the bringing chnagfes in the clients. This awareness also would be helpful for the client to guide themselves towards the positive change and restrict themselves form the negative experiences. Cognitive- behavioral therapy emphasizes on the exploring different types of awareness and behaviours through different experiments. Existential-Humanistic therapies : This is the third force of the psychotherapy. Most important process of the counseling like listening skills were obtained from the Existential-Humanistic force of the psychotherapy. Existential theories are based on the genuine information about mind, body, experience and environment. Therapeutic relationship has its importance in two ways in existential therapy like as source of information for therapy and during process of the therapy. Existential therapists understand their clients and share their feeling, however they never lose their genuine relationship with the client. Existential theories can be categorized into traditional and humanistic existential theories. Traditional theories are mainly based on the traditional psychoanalytical procedures and humanistic theories are mainly based on the present conditions. Humanistic theories are more positive in nature and direct the client towards the meaningful aim in the life. Existential therapy st resses existence of the individual to the surrounding world and existence of the people is directly related to the environment surrounding the individual (Iacovou Weixel-Dixon, 2015). There is the existence of the different humanistic existential therapies like Carl Rogers' Person Centered therapy, Viktor FrankPs Logotherapy and Fritz Perls' Gestalt Therapy. Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy suggests that there is a difference between a person's self-image and actual condition, which is termed as incongruent. These realities created by individuals on their own. This dual reality in the person produces splitting up in the mind of the person and finally leads to the emotional distress. Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy has significant contribution to the evolution and development of the psychotherapy (Dryden, 2002). Integration of theories: In recent times, it has been proved that approaches used in the existential psychotherapy can be used effectively for the advancement of cognitive-behavioral therapy. As a result existential therapy can also be utilized as complement to the cognitive-behavioral therapy. These are also the characteristics of human being, hence integration of these two theories can proved to be more fruitful in the psychotherapy and counseling. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential therapy are based on the specific individuals and human beings also have their own freedom to think and act. Both cognitive-behavior therapy and existential therapy are based on the experience of the individual and makes conclusions based on the verbal processes instead of interpretations. However, integration of the existential and cognitive - behavioral therapy is not possible in all the cases. Loss on interest in life and hopeless thoughts about the future are very specific existential prob lems in the psychotherapy. These types of typical existential problems cannot be handled using traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy. Because, future is generally considered to be handled in the last relapse phase on the cognitive behavioral therapy. Hence, more research needs to be done for handling such difficult clients (Hayes 2004; Trower et al., 1988). In existential therapy, exploration of the existing things has more importance as compared to the non-existing things. In cognitive-behavioral therapy also more emphasis was given to existing things as compared to the non-existing things. Few approaches are followed in psychotherapy which has existence both in cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential therapy. These approaches are comprised of phenomenological approach, current approach, rational approach, training for coping skills, plan for the future, use of experimental techniques, conscious choice, consciousness, intentionality, freedom and non working with non-existing things (Beskow Miro 2004). In cognitive-behavioral therapy more emphasis was given to the uniqueness of the individual and according to the existential therapy, persons unique existence gets affected by the surrounding environment. By virtue of integration of the cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential therapy, these both issues can be addressed effectiv ely. According to cognitive-behavioral therapy basic schemas developed in the early childhood and adolescence are due to the postulation about self, others and the world. In the similar way, existential therapy also based on the existence of evidence from the past. In general, Cognitive and behavioural therapy accepts existential perspective (Young et al 2003). These forces of the psychotherapy had major contribution for the evolution and development of the psychotherapy research, advancement and practice. For each of the forces therapeutic approach is different and unique to each force of the psychotherapy. Each of these approaches was derived from the individual theoretical principles. As a result, each of these forces develops different therapeutic methods with varied therapeutic relationship. Influences of theories: Being a counselor, these theories brought many positive and productive changes in me. Psychodynamic theory helped me to understand the unconscious motivations of the client which would be helpful in altering the problematic and unacceptable behavior, feelings and thought process of the client. Psychodynamic theories also helped me to work very closely with the clients. From the psychodynamic theory, I understand that patient can understand about themselves. I could understand this fact through interactions with them during therapeutic relations. Psychodynamic theory helped to link unconscious thoughts of the client from childhood experiences and clients current behavior. Desensitizing is a classical conditioning action mentioned in the behavioral therapy. This desensitizing action helped me to reduce the phobia in clients due to repeated actions of anxiety. Operant conditioning was also mentioned in behavioral therapy. This operant conditioning helped to decid e upon giving rewards for positive behavior and punishment for the negative behavior of the client. As cognitive-behavioral therapy incorporates both thoughts and behaviors of clients, it helped me to get complete insight into the clients thinking. Cognitive-behavioral therapy helped me to work in the direction of changing thought process of the client. By changing thought process of the client, I could change the behavior of the client because people changes according to their own feelings. Cognitive-behavioral therapy helped me to understand the clients external stimuli and corresponding changes in the behavior and learning ability. This theory helped me to make clients recognize about the negative thought pattern and change it to the positive thought pattern. Psychodynamic theory is related to the unconscious thoughts and cognitive-behavioral theory is related to the conscious thoughts. These two theories together helped me to understand both conscious and unconscious feelings of the client (McLeod, 2009). Existential-Humanistic Theories helped me utilize clients full potential to bring positive changes in them and to make rational choices. Existential-Humanistic Theories thought me to concern about clients and to respect for clients. Existential-Humanistic Theories helped me to work more towards the client-centered therapy. By virtue of this, I tried to keep myself away from the whole authorities of the clients inner experience. Existential-Humanistic Theories helped me to understand the free will and self determination of the client. Cognitive behavioral theory is focused on the future development and Existential-Humanistic Theories are based on the past experience. Hence, both these theories together helped me to understand past of the client and also helped me to plan for the future of the client (Marty, 2012). As a counselor, these psychological theories helped me to build strong association with client and counsel them in the proper way. References: Beskow, A.P. Miro, M.T. (2004). Cognitive psychotherapy and the development of consiousness. Living with conviviality. Intellecta DocuSys, Goteborg. Dryden, W. (2002). Handbook of Individual Therapy . SAGE Publications Ltd. Ferruccio, O. Mark, J. S. (2012). Theory and Practice of Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy. Karnac Books. Hayes, N. (2000). Foundations of Psychology. Cengage Learning EMEA. Hayes, S.C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy and the new behavior therapies: Mindfulness, acceptance, and relationship. In: Hayes SC, Follette VM, Linehan MM, editors. Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York: The Guilford Press. Holmes, E.A, Lang, T.J., Deeprose, C. (2009). Mental Imagery and Emotion in Treatment across Disorders: Using the Example of Depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy, 20, 1. Iacovou, S. Weixel-Dixon, K. (2015). Existential Therapy: 100 Key Points and Techniques. Routledge. McLeod, J. (2009). Introduction To Counselling. McGraw-Hill Education. Marty, S. (2012). Psychodynamic, Affective, and Behavioral Theories to Psychotherapy. Charles C Thomas Publisher. Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C. (2013). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. Cengage Learning. Purton, C. (2014). The Trouble with Psychotherapy: Counselling and Common Sense. Palgrave Macmillan. Trower, P., Casey, A., Dryden, W. (1988). Cognitive-behavioural Counselling in Action. SAGE Publications Ltd. Young, J.E., Weishaar, M.E., Klosko, J.S. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioners Guide. New York, Guilford.

Occupational Health Hazards

Question: Write a short discussion ondiscussion about the occupational health hazards while working in any chemical laboratory. Answer: This report provides a discussion about the occupational health hazards while working in any chemical laboratory. It provides a full description of the workplace where the workers work and also the duration of their stay in the workplace. The occupational health hazards chosen includes health problems like cancer, cardiovascular diseases and many other diseases involved while workers are working in the chemical laboratory. There are many risks like biological, potential and chemical hazards associated with working in chemical laboratories. It describes the measures taken by the management to control such hazards and the effects it has on minimizing the hazards. It explains a detailed care plan process developed for determining the patients health goals and outcomes of the program. Working in the chemical laboratory in any industry or factory serves to be very harmful in determining anyones health. Many of the workers are employed in laboratories all over the world. The environment of the laboratory can serve to be highly harmful to the workers working over there. Workers are always exposed to several kinds of toxic elements that can cause potential health hazards which may be due to chemicals, biological, physical and radioactive hazards. Additionally they can also lead to other factors such as musculoskeletal stress. Keeping these in mind, laboratory safety has been given muc importance by several local, state and federal regulations. The type and extent of the hazard caused due to the chemicals depend on the duration of their exposure to the harmful environment and also the location of working (Armarego and Chai, 2013). The health hazards include the development of life-threatening diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and much more. By identifying the associated hazards the potential problems and diseases caused by them can be highly regulated and minimized. The most common biological hazards include exposure of the worker to bl ood borne pathogens by the use of needle sticks, pipettes, glass slides or other equipments. It also involves exposure to airborne pathogens caused by direct contact with infectious patients (Ugranli et al, 2015). The pathogens are found in tissues as well as excretory materials like faeces, so the chances of exposure to them increase and hence the disease prevalence also increases. Aim of the occupational health program The goal of the designed health program is to determine the hazardous chemicals and implementation of the ways to solve the potential risks faced by the workers due to these chemicals. The risk assessment is done to identify the workers who are at the risk of exposure, the sources that cause the risk, and the efficiencies of existing control measures. Risk assessment can be of various types and determination of the kinds too becomes necessary (Ugranli et al, 2015). A basic assessment contains all the information on the safety data sheets. It also contains information as to whether the hazardous chemicals are under control or not. While in the generic assessment, the assessment of a particular area is focused on. Risk assessment can be done by grouping the professionals in a group that performs similar work. The routes of entry of the chemicals should be determined for understanding the potential risks due to exposure. Determination of the workers who are directly or indirectly relate d to the developmental risks can even be helpful in finding the ways to solve the problems (Turgeon 2015). Chemical laboratories and its environment The chemical laboratory is the most hazardous place to work for any human being. The laboratory which we are focusing upon being the laboratories using diacetyl as catalyst in manufacturing flavorings. The flavors need to be removed as they contribute in forming negative health effects. Though chemicals are found everywhere, laboratories are the place where they are stored, and most of the works are performed there. Many cases of severe lung diseases are found among workers in laboratories where diacetyl is manufactured (Magnavita 2016). The combination of more chemicals helps in increasing the harms. Chemicals may create various harmful elements in the form of dust, liquids, gases and others. Chemical laboratories are present in many institutions, colleges and big pharmaceutical and chemical companies. Chemicals are necessary for the preparation of various products which may be useful and harmful too. The useful products made out of chemicals include bleaching powder and chemical po wders that benefit humans. Bleaching powder helps in purification of water and also helps in cleaning of floors. But handling those chemicals for manufacturing any product is the entirely different thing. As it can be seen that the chemical laboratories are the places where several people work together and perform their functions accordingly (Turgeon 2015). The laboratories are generally established in places which are far and distant from the normal workplaces. It comprises of employees who are above the age of 25 years. The working employees in laboratories are mainly males as males are more preferred for such activities which involve much risk. However, individuals with a prior knowledge in the field or with an experience of at least one or two years are chosen for handling such chemicals. The workers in the chemical laboratories have to work for more than 10 hours a day in under difficult conditions. But in big companies, they need to work for more than 10 hours, and this is the only reasons why the hazards are more prevalent in their cases. Exposure to different chemicals on a regular basis and for a longer duration will surely affect the health conditions of employees exposed to such environment. Frequent exposure to chemicals which are potentially more dangerous can even lead to mutation of the skin which ultimately causes cancer (Scott et al, 2015). In big companies, more number of workers indulges as laboratory technicians. They have to deal with varieties of chemicals in a day.Review and literatureThe Australian National OHS Strategy 2002- 2012 focused on prevention of occupational diseases more efficiently and was among one of their priorities. They identified eight hazards which can be potentially more dangerous. Additionally they also point out that chemical hazards are the prime causes of most deadly diseases like cancer, respiratory diseases and contact dermatitis. It was found that between the years 2000-2001 to 2006-2007 the rates of respirato ry diseases increased along with the rates of occupational cancers. The international labor organization in 1996, reported that chemicals are part of our daily life and are unavoidable (Scott et al, 2015). A report published by World health organization in 2004 states that about 4.9 millions of deaths and 86 million disability-adjusted life years were recognized due to their exposure to selected chemicals.As per an analysis by Safe Work Australia for the session 2006- 2007, it was observed that the 1350 people were found to be influenced by their exposure to chemicals. Out of these, 880 people were affected due to their single contact exposures, 400 were affected due to long-term exposure, and 70 were not designated to any kind of exposure. The major health and safety problems faced by laboratory technicians are due to exposure to toxic, corrosive and flammable chemicals which catch fire easily, using compressed gases, handling blood samples and body fluids that contain infectious a gents (Driscoll et al, 2016). Some physical hazards and also recognized as a use of radioactive materials, lasers, and others (da Silva 2016). The use of cryopreservative agents likes liquid nitrogen and solid carbon dioxide. Working in the same environment and in the same position can also cause problems like back and arm pain. Electrical dangers are also felt while working with electrical instruments and devices. Cutting and itching of skin by exposure to chemicals and by broken glasses. The use of chemical agents in laboratories not only imparts these problems, but it also offers some of the potential dangers to human life (Simoneti et al, 2015). Exposure of a person to pesticides, mercury, carbon monoxide and other chemicals can affect the brain and nervous system. Exposure to mists, welding fumes can affect the regions of eye, nose and throat (Scott et al, 2015). Lungs get damaged due to exposure to acids and welding fumes. Liver damage can also be observed with exposure to vin yl chloride. Bladder harms are caused by exposure to azo dyes. Risk assessment The risks associated while working in laboratories can be assessed by monitoring or conducting surveys in any particular area. The risks can be assessed by observing the primary sources of information which are in the form of Chemical Hygiene Plan in any laboratory. CHP contains the standard procedures for working with specific hazardous chemicals (Magnavita 2016). Material safety data sheets often serve as sources for assessing the risks and evaluation of hazards. These are technical documents that contain basic information regarding any chemical and potential risks. The sheets also explain the toxicity levels and health hazards, including storage and handling procedures. Ethical regulationsThe University of Western Australia has implemented codes that should be followed by all the laboratory workers and are introduced to minimize the chances of development of health hazards to human health. The Universi ty of Australia has several codes. According to this, the people working in laboratories should have to be perfectly trained, informed and supervised. The Western Australian Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984, aims to promote and secure the safety and health of every individual working in any workplace (Mann et al, 2014). Health occupational planThe health occupational health plan for the workers in chemical laboratories includes- identification of the various hazardous chemicals of concern, methods adopted for managing the risks associated with the hazardous chemicals, and determination of the exposure time to that particular chemical. It also involves preparation of a list of dangerous chemicals, maintenance of safety data sheets, assessment of the risks, controlling risks by eliminating hazards by substitution, isolation or using personal protective equipment, enhancing the controlling measures and lastly monitoring the outcomes of the methods implemented (Magnavita 2016).By observing and consulting workers, it can be understood as to whether the standard procedures which are implemented on the workers are efficient or not. The employees are advised to fill up the self- evaluation form so that their working process and duration of exposure can be known. The investigation process is done by determining the rate of hazardous chemicals. It also helps in ascertaining the rate of harm the chemicals might have caused to the workers. The data regarding the accumulation level of the airborne pathogen are determined by a simple static area sampling. The amount of exposure can sometimes be determined by observing the workers. Biological methods of monitoring can be significantly useful for determining the level of absorbance of the chemicals through the skin. One of the ways in which a plan can be implemented is by designing less hazardous laboratory processes and reaction conditions. Use of safer solvents and non- hazardous chemicals will cause less harm. Moreo ver degradation of the hazardous products and by-products which are formed after the completion of any kind of chemical reaction may also beneficial (da Silva 2016). Another advantageous technique may be designing of the experimental setups in a way that can help in reducing cases of injuries, accidents and exposures to laboratory. Additionally, checking the hazardous properties of any substance before its use in any chemical reactions may also be profitable (Lu et al, 2016). The associated risks can be controlled by following the hierarchy of control. The risk can be minimized by methods like substitution, separation and by implementation of engineering controls (Galante et al, 2016). Elimination of the hazard is the first and basic step which will be considered. This can be done by using nails inspite of using chemical based adhesives. Substitution is another method of resolving problems as replacing the hazardous chemical with non- hazardous ones will assist in resolving problems (Connor et al, 2016). It can be done by using less combustible liquids and solvents in place of highly inflammable ones. Isolating the more hazardous chemicals from the less hazardous ones can be an efficient practice for minimizing the exposures to hazardous chemicals (Lee et al, 2016). Methods to minimize the risks of occupational health hazardsThe engineering control methods can also be implemented in the program for minimizing the risks of development of hazards from chemicals. The engineering control process that can be used includes using intrinsically safe electrical equipment in hazardous areas. Local exhaust ventilations can be used to capture airborne contaminants close to the source of generation. Personal protective equipments if used in the workplace can help in minimizing the hazards (Bahr 2014). The equipment includes aprons, footwear, gloves, chemical resistant glass, face shields, and respirators. The more specific control measures include the use of labels and dat a sheets (Bahr 2014). The fire and explosion risks can be controlled by designing buildings in a way that ventilation is present, which can avoid the creation of hazardous atmospheres (Lee et al, 2016). The workers should be advised to follow the programs and ways to minimize the hazards of working in chemical laboratories. The workers should be told to handle the equipment more carefully and using them with more care and attention (Lim 2016). The workers should be reminded every time to use the chemicals very carefully and in proper way avoiding harms. Some measures are adopted as protection against the biological hazards. The methods includes use of own protective equipments such as gloves, respiratory defense, and eye defense which are to be employed depending upon the situation (Connor et al, 2016). Personal Protective Equipments is generally used in association with other protections (engineering and administrative) to provide more defenses to employees. The major forms of Pers onal Protective Equipments are constructed to protect the employees against infectious disease by cracking the groups of infection at the point of entrance or escape of the pathogens (Bahr 2014). This means that all Personal Protective Equipments is framed to minimize exposure by the unique ways of transmission. Exposure through the skin contact route can be minimized by using gloves, gowns, and other protective clothing and help contain the pathogens in the workplace (Driscoll et al, 2016). Implementation of the planOnce the whole occupational program is planned out, it is to be implemented and monitored for evaluating the associated risks. Regular checkups and follow ups of the workers are conducted to ascertain the instructions are followed by the employers are not. This should be done on a monthly basis by having the employees fill the self- evaluation form which asks about the problems faced by the employees and the work habitants. In this way, the employees will also be able t o feel the change brought about by an implementation of the programs and plans. Conclusion As seen from the discussion, the employees working in chemical laboratories face a lot of health issues. The main health issues are- cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and skin problems, such as dermatitis and many others. This issue needs to be considered as the rules and methods set out in the country are not set well. In the recent strategies followed many changes are still there which are to be incorporated. The methods adopted like personal protective equipment, engineering controlled methods, and other methods are playing important roles in eliminating or minimizing the hazards. The employees should be well informed about the ill- effects of using chemicals in laboratories. They should be trained on the correct use of chemicals. The occupational program set out for the observed risk will be regularly monitored by assessing the employees through questionnaires and by assessing the duration of their exposure to chemicals. This would help in minimizing the risks faced by workers wor king in chemical laboratories to a great extent. Reference Armarego, W.L. and Chai, C.L.L., 2013. Purification of laboratory chemicals. Butterworth-Heinemann.Bahr, N.J., 2014. System safety engineering and risk assessment: a practical approach. CRC Press.Connor, T.H., Zock, M.D. and Snow, A.H., 2016. Surface Wipe Sampling for Antineoplastic (Chemotherapy) and Other Hazardous Drug Residue in Healthcare Settings: Methodology and Recommendations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, (just-accepted), pp.1-33.da Silva, J., 2016. DNA damage induced by occupational and environmental exposure to miscellaneous chemicals. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research.Driscoll, T.R., Carey, R.N., Peters, S., Glass, D.C., Benke, G., Reid, A. and Fritschi, L., 2016. The Australian Work Exposures Study: Prevalence of Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde. Annals of Occupational Hygiene,60(1), pp.132-138.Galante, E.B.F., Costa, D.M.B., Frana, T.C.C. and Viaro, R.S., 2016. Risk assessment in a chemical laboratory. Occupational Safety and Hygi ene IV, p.105.Lee, C., Jang, E.J., Kwon, D., Choi, H., Park, J.W. and Bae, G.R., 2016. Laboratory-acquired dengue virus infection by needlestick injury: a case report, South Korea, 2014. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 28(1), p.1.Lim, K.F., 2016. Education: Improving laboratory learning. Chemistry in Australia, (Feb 2016), p.36.Lu, M.L., Putz-Anderson, V., Garg, A. and Davis, K., 2016. Evaluation of the Impact of the Revised National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Lifting Equation. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, p.0018720815623894.Magnavita, N., 2016. Engagement in Health and Safety at the Workplace: A New Role for the Occupational. Promoting Patient Engagement and Participation for Effective Healthcare Reform, p.265.Mann, D.L., Zipes, D.P., Libby, P. and Bonow, R.O., 2014. Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences.Phillips, J.A., Holland, M.G., Baldwin, D.D., M euleveld, L.G., Mueller, K.L., Perkison, B., Upfal, M. and Dreger, M., 2015. Marijuana in the Workplace: Guidance for Occupational Health Professionals and Employers: Joint Guidance Statement of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses and the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(4), pp.459-475.Rosner, D. and Markowitz, G., 2016. Educate the Individual... to a Sane Appreciation of the Risk A History of Industrys Responsibility to Warn of Job Dangers Before the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. American journal of public health, 106(1), pp.28-35.Scott, M.G., Rifai, N., Smith, B., Oellerich, M., Panteghini, M., Apple, F., Sikaris, K. and Young, I., 2015. The changing face of laboratory medicine: a more service and less academically oriented profession?. Clinical chemistry,61(2), pp.322-329.Simoneti, C.S., Freitas, A.S., Barbosa, M.C.R., Ferraz, E., Menezes, M.B.D., Bagatin, E., Ar ruda, L.K. and Vianna, E.O., 2015. Study of risk factors for atopic sensitization, asthma, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in animal laboratory workers. Journal of occupational health, (0).Turgeon, M.L., 2015. Linne Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science: The Basics and Routine Techniques. Elsevier Health Sciences.Ugranli, T., Toprak, M., Gursoy, G., Cimrin, A.H. and Sofuoglu, S.C., 2015. Indoor environmental quality in chemistry and chemical engineering laboratories at Izmir Institute of Technology. Atmospheric Pollution Research,6(1), pp.147-153.Woodruff, T.J., Verbeek, J.H., Holloway, A.C., Santesso, N. and Schnemann, H.J., 2016. GRADE: Assessing the quality of evidence in environmental and occupational health.

The Presentation of Women in To Kill a Mockingbird Research Paper Example

The Presentation of Women in To Kill a Mockingbird Paper Women were very much idealised in the southern society. They were regarded as pure and delicate. They were said to be fragile and unfit to deal with real life situations. In theory, this is meant as a high status, but women found it very offensive and extremely restrictive. This made them become very frustrated, and in general, they became depressed. The whole southern community had feelings of frustration, but they women suffered more. Southern women suffered simply because they were women, and because they could convey and express such feelings. In To Kill a Mockingbird a recurrent theme is Scouts hatred of the gracious, ladylike, well-mannered role which her aunt tries to inflict upon her. Scout rejects her feminine ways and name of Jean -Louise, and prefers her male nickname, Scout. The fact that the author of To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee, is female is an advantage to the presentation of women in the novel because she would know how it feels to be a woman in those times, and she would know how they are being treated. Harper Lee was a young writer in South America, she was born in 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama which was a small South American town, which in a way resembles Maycomb, the town in which To Kill a Mockingbird is set, although in an interview, Harper Lee maintained that To Kill a Mockingbird was intended to portray not her own childhood home but a rather non specific southern town. People are people, wherever you put them, she declared. The novel is also said to be firmly based on Harper Lees background. We will write a custom essay sample on The Presentation of Women in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Presentation of Women in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Presentation of Women in To Kill a Mockingbird specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this essay, I am going to discuss the female characters in the novel, the womens position within the Maycomb society and the womens influence on the novel as a whole. Jean Louise Finch, also known as, Scout is a very important female character in the novel. She competes with Jem and their coloured cook Calpurnia for the attention of her father Atticus. She has a very loving relationship with Atticus, and she gives Jem the status of her hero, although they do not always get on as well as expected. Scout is observant and in ways, very confident. She doesnt always understand everything that she is told, or sees happening, although she demonstrates an ability to absorb things, as she is a very intelligent, young girl. She is a non-judgemental child who is able to have lots of fun and is always happiest in her overalls, instead of typical girly dresses. She has the social identity of a tomboy in the prim and proper world of Maycomb. Scout is a very thoughtful girl, she worries about the goodness and evil of mankind and she always acts with the best intentions at heart, although she sometimes goes about things the wrong way. As the novel progresses, Scout grows up a lot, although it is only in the space of 3 years, she matures a great deal. At the beginning of the novel, Scout is an innocent, good-hearted 5 year old, who has had hardly any experience with the big, wide world and by the end of the book, though she is still only a young child, her perspective on life progresses from the innocent child, to a near grown up. She has her first contact with evil in the form of racism when her father Atticus is called a Nigger Lover. She reacts badly to this incident and takes it to heart. Atticus brought up Scout with an element of sympathy and understanding and this indicates that whatever evil she comes face to face with she will retain her conscience without becoming cynical. Scouts mother died when Scout was only 2 years old, so her father, Atticus, who is a big role model in her life, brought her up. However, the two main female role models in her life are Calpurnia, the coloured cook who lives with the Finch family and Miss Maudie, who is like a best friend to the children. Scout grows up with Calpurnia, and although they do not really get on at first, by the end of the novel Scout looks up to Cal. They form more of a relationship where Scout enjoys spending time with her. Miss Maudie is the other main female role model for Scout. She is an old, yet very good friend of the family. She shares Atticus passion for justice and agrees in the way he brought up Scout and Jem. Miss Maudie is like a mother figure to Scout, who in a way replaces Scouts real mother. Out of all the adults in Maycomb, Miss Maudie is like the childrens best friend, apart from Atticus of course. Miss Maudie Atkinson, a widow in her late forties, is a very good friend of the Finch family. She is well loved by the whole of the family, especially the children. She is always out working in her garden, and is a source of company and information to the children. In a way, I think that Scout and Jem both admire her. She is a very positive character in the novel and a big role model. She is very courageous and has a good, fun sense of humour. She has a non racist attitude, which Scout, especially admires. You can tell that she isnt racist as she stands by Atticus through the Tom Robinson case. I think that Miss Maudie gets along with everyone or at least tries too. She has an amount of respect for all living things. Scout has a very high opinion of Miss Maudie, as said before; she is one of Scouts main role models. She has a lot of wisdom about her, which helps Scout a lot through the novel. She is a mother-like figure to the children, she does not talk down to them, she has respect for them, which is why they respect and value her. She a constant reassuring and sensible model for the children when Atticus is not around. When her house burns down, she shows a tremendous amount of strength and resilience. Miss Maudie and the children often have very in-depth conversations together about what Arthur Radley was like when he grew up, rigid religion and of Atticus talent. Scout and Miss Maudie are in a way, very alike. They have the same views on life, which is why I think they get along so well, even though Scout is only young. The both disapprove of racism and prejudice. Neither of them really have the desire to gossip. Scout has a very high opinion of Miss Maudie, which I think influences the reader to have the same type of opinion of her. As the novel goes on, you get to know Scout as a person, and in a way, learn to love the people she love one being Miss Maudie Atkinson. Calpurnia is the black cook and housekeeper that lives in the Finch family household. She is quite a strong character in the novel. She experiences better conditions and responsibilities, than other African Americans of her time, due to Atticus belief. She is very able to negotiate between the two very different, separate worlds of Maycomb the black and the white. She teaches Scout and Jem most of the same lessons which they are taught by Atticus and Miss Maudie. She is quite a strict lady, and as she is considered as one of the family, she is allowed to freely scold and lecture the children. At first, the children, especially Scout do not like this, but as the novel progresses I think they realise that she is only doing her best for them. Cal and Scout bond quite a lot through the novel, they sit and talk, and Calpurnia teaches Scout about keeping respect for people, and taking time to understand others. I think that this helps Scout to build quite a strong relationship with Cal. Having such a close relationship with Calpurnia even helps Scout see that being a girl isnt so bad after all, and despite being coloured and just the Finchs cook and housekeeper, she becomes a type of mother to Scout in many ways. Miss Henry Lafayette Dubose is one of the more nasty characters in To Kill a Mockingbird. She is said to be one of the meanest women to ever have lived in the Maycomb County. Se is a very old, ill and argumentative woman. She is racist and prejudiced which is a dominating reason of why the children dislike her, as neither of them have been brought up to be like that. The children tend to avoid her, as she is a viscous woman, and it upsets them, the way she calls Atticus a Nigger Lover because of his Tom Robinson case and having Calpurnia living with them. One day, when Mrs Dubose calls Atticus a Nigger Lover it particularly gets to the children, and inspires Jem to cut off Mrs Duboses precious Camellias. As a punishment for this Jem has to go to read to Mrs Dubose everyday. Jem hates the idea but Scout offers to go with him (this is an aspect of Scout and Jems close relationship). The children are scared to go there everyday, but Atticus tells them to maintain their politeness with her, as she is just an ill, lonely lady. They also learn more courage as they are going to visit everyday. Having Mrs Henry Lafayette Dubose as a character in the novel, indicates that there are both good and bad characters in the book. Harper Lee has realistically created complex personalities. Alexandra referred to in the book as Aunt Alexandra is Atticus sister. She is a very strong-willed, proud woman, and is very devoted to her family and her expectations of them. She is like the perfect southern woman. She is a very traditional woman, and personality trait often leads her to clash with Scout. She has strict views on how children should be brought up, and girls should be typical girls, so she disapproves of Scouts tomboyish ways. She tries to enforce these views on Scout, which drives Scout away from her, as Scout is happy the way she is and the way she dresses. Alexandra is very much concerned with bringing up Atticus children properly, this shows when she comes to help look after the children during the Tom Robinson trials. She is quite a racist woman, which does not help when she is staying with Atticus and the children, as Calpurnia is the cook. She has very different views to Calpurnia on bringing up the children and the roles of southern women. This makes it quite hard for them to live in the same household and causes them a lot of tension, as they tend to clash, as they are very different. Scout and Aunt Alexandra build a better relationship towards the end of the novel, they realise they arent so different after all, and rather learn to get along. They learn to live with each other and accept each others rules and views. I think that there are many strong female characters in To Kill a Mockingbird. One of the strongest being Scout. She changes a lot through the novel, we get to know her really well, and notice her changes from a small child into more of a person. The role of southern women is a big aspect of the story. It is shown in many ways, from the way Calpurnia is, and the way Aunt Alexandra is.

Genocide in Cambodia essays

Genocide in Cambodia essays Few events have ever conjured as much terror and hatred as the genocidal killings in Cambodia by the Khmer Rouge; more than 2 million people were shot, strangled, beheaded, starved or tortured to death in the 20th century. The United States, when monitoring human rights violations such as genocide, should play essential roles in abolishing these law-breaking habits, establish a clear understanding of repercussions, and provide social and finical aid for the rebuilding of a distressed nation. Yet, throughout history the nature of imperialism has created great dynasties and destroyed many of them, from the Romans to the Nazis to the Khmer Rouge; one way to dominate the world is by destroying cultures or civilization to have more control, this is known as genocide. Genocide is the systematic killing of all the people from a national, ethnic, or religious group, or an attempt to do this for power. Thus this is one of the reasons for the horrific killings by the Khmer Rouge, which will be discussed more in depth throughout this paper along with gruesome details of their actions, life before and after the regime, connections between this human rights violation and others that took and take place in Cambodia, my view point along with others and the repercussions the Khmer Rouge endured by the United States and the United Nations in the aftermath of this event. The population of Cambodia is 11,339,562 (1998 estimate). Population growth per year is estimated at 2.5 percent, one of the highest rates in Asia. The rate of infant mortality is also high. The population density is 63 persons per sq km (162 per sq mi), with the densest concentrations on the heavily cultivated central plain. The mountainous regions of the country, where malaria is widespread, are thinly populated, as are the poorly watered northern provinces. During the late 1970s, under the brutal rule of the Khmer Rouge, all of Cambodias towns were depopulated, and reside...

Argumentative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Argumentative - Essay Example In absence of this, a reader will stop reading. For instance, an argumentative writing with no coherence demeans reading since readers cannot follow any organized logical flow of ideas. Such writings have disintegrated parts that the reader find hard to connect to derive any meaning or understanding of the reading. In addition, lack of a complete and sensible story discourages readers from engaging with an argumentative writing. Argumentative essays should be clear, complete, and relevant to the main point. For instance, an argumentative writing that fails to address both sides of an argument is incomplete, biased, and insufficient to the reader’s needs. All argumentative essays should be factual and grammatically correct to appease the reader and convince them to support the ideas presented in the text. An argumentative writing that presents incorrect information or uses an informal language discourages reading. Ideally, convincing texts must depict originality, creativity, and simplicity in presenting the central idea. Complex and unoriginal texts also discourage reading. For instance, argumentative writing that only presents what the reader knows is not

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Case Study Example This person has been found to be an average performer in the company. If this person gets promoted, then this would mark his last promotion before retirement. The last candidate is Quang Yeh, who has been a brilliant student in her class and is associated for almost three years with the company. This person has been found to be very ambitious and is a target oriented person who goes to any extent to meet her set goals. She is also a sincere and efficient employee and makes a point to attain her set goals at any cost. Roy and Quang were preferred by many employees as the most eligible person to get promoted and were found to have personal ties with many powerful people within the organization. On the other hand, Lael was very closely attached with Liz’s daughter, this was again creating a mental block for Lael to take a decision. Lael could not understand which person she should recommend for promotion. She was very confused and could not identify the right person who should be promoted and would be the ideal person for a higher position in the organization. Liz, Roy and Quang are three candidates who are qualifying for the higher managerial position in the organization. All the candidates are being backed by higher authorities in the organization. In support of Roy, one of the senor manager’s of the organization told Lael that â€Å"Roy has been with us a long time. He has done many good things for the company, sacrificing not only himself but also his family. I really hope that you can see your way to promoting him. It would be a favor to me that I wouldn’t forget.† (OLS 263: Ethical Decisions in Leadership Mid-Term Case Study: â€Å"An Ethical Dilemma†, n.d.). This statement shows that this manager wants Roy to get promoted and is trying to influence Lael so that Lael recommends Roy for being promoted. On the other hand, a top management personnel

Backlash Against the Feminist Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Backlash Against the Feminist Movement - Essay Example The backlash, according to Trimble's analysis of the phenomenon (cited in Feminism and I am not a feminist, 2008, p. 12), "was born out of the rise of neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism in the 1980s and 1990s." At that point in time, the popular belief was that the movement had successfully accomplished its primary objectives and that Canadian women, as a consequence, had attained a status of absolute equality with males. Women had attained the basic rights for which they had agitated and fought. As the movement had been initiated by the absence of these rights and its goal had been the attainment of these rights, their accomplishment was interpreted as a successful conclusion to the movement. As such, the backlash refers, not to the right of women to equality or their earlier struggle for the attainment of equality, but to the current, "third wave" of feminism (p. 12). The backlash, in other words, is directed against feminism as a socio-political and ideological movement. Canadian women have not, historically, embraced feminism. According to Trimble, O'Neil and Faludi (cited in Feminism and I am not a feminist, 2008, pp. ... This is not simply expressive of the backlash against feminism but of popular rejection of radicalism, coupled with the certitude of gender equality. Quite simply stated, gender equality is an unquestionable principle in Canada and the equality of the sexes is neither contested nor debated. The implication here is that Canadian women do not feel that they have to embrace feminism in order to attain equality and do not embrace it because they are averse to radicalism. From a personal perspective, feminism is not something which I identify with. While I most definitely understand the roots of the movement and acknowledge that were it not for the earlier generations of feminists, I would not be enjoying the freedoms which I take for granted today, I do not understand its present-day purposes or motives. Men and women are equal and this is something which we, as women, no longer need to argue or to prove. The notion that we must constantly prove and argue our equality does not reflect positively on us as a gender and, subjectively speaking, is somewhat demeaning. It seems to say that we are not persuaded of our own equality and therefore, need to constantly remind ourselves and others of it. It is, thus, that I see myself as a human rights advocate but not a feminist. I do not question the equality of the sexes and do not assume that we are not equal. Instead, I question equality between people and whether, in fact, all people, irrespective of colour , class, religion or ethnic heritage, are treated and regarded as equal. As I believe they should, and must, be, I support human rights but not feminism. Royal Commission on the Status of Women The Royal Commission on the Status of Women was

Financial Risk Management in Mauritius Banking Sector

Financial Risk Management in Mauritius Banking Sector During the past 10 years, there have been great changes in the Mauritian banking sector and this is a continuing process that will not stop here. This is mostly because of fast innovations in the financial markets and the internationalization of the financial flows. Other factors like technological development and deregulation have both triggered competitive pressures and also provided new opportunities among banks. But these opportunities are also subject to complex risks that challenge traditional approaches to banking risk management. These factors have influenced the financial world on the international level and the Mauritian banking sector has not been left unaffected. The growth of international financial markets banks have been exposed to a wider access to funds. As a result of which banks have been developing new products, services and techniques. The receipt of deposits and granting of loans, being the traditional banking practice, is today only one part of a banks activities. These new instruments have also drawn interest to areas where financial risks were earlier thought to be relatively unimportant. Hence banks are now exposed to a greater variety of risks and their ability to measure, monitor and steer risks accordingly is becoming a decisive parameter for their survival. The aim of this project is to provide an overview of the management process of financial risks in our Mauritian banking sector as risk is the fundamental element that influences the financial behavior. Banking Risks Banks are faced with a wide array of risks in their course of their operations, as illustrated in the figure below. In general, risks are categorised into three different parts: Financial Risks, Operational Risks and Business Risks. Figure 1: Categories of Banking Risks Banking Risks Financial RisksOperational Risks Business Risks Interest Rate Risk 1) Business Strategy Risk1) Legal Risk. Foreign Exchange Risk 2) Internal System and Operational Risk 2) Policy Risk. Credit Risk 3) Technology Risk 3) Systemic Liquidity Risk 4) Management and Fraud (Country) Risk. Source: Annual Report on Banking Supervision 2000 BOM Financial risk concern the effective management and control of the finances of an organisation and the effects of external factors such as availability of credit, foreign exchange rates, interest rate movement and liquidity risk. For this project only the financial side of Risk Management is going to be considered. Focus will be on the four main types of risks which are: Interest rate Risk is the risk borne by an interest-bearing asset, for example in this case a loan, due to variation in interest rates. Foreign Exchange Risk is a form of risk that crop up due to the change in price of one currency against another. Credit Risk is the risk of loss due to a debtors non-payment of a loan. Liquidity risk is the risk to earnings arising from a banks inability to meet its obligations when they come due. Operational risks are related to a banks overall organisation and functioning of internal systems, including computer-related and other technologies, conformity with bank policies and procedures and measures against mismanagement and fraud. Although these types of risks are important, emphasis will not be put on them in this project. Business risks are associated with a banks business environment, including the macroeconomic and policy concerns, legal and regulatory factors and the overall financial sector infrastructure and payment system. Outline of Chapters Chapter 2:Literature Review This chapter will focus on previous studies and surveys carried out with respect to financial risks encountered by banking institutions around the world. It will also focus on the different techniques used to manage these types of risks. Chapter 3:Overview of the Mauritian Banking Sector This chapter aims at giving an overview of the current Mauritian banking sector and also information pertaining to risk management. Chapter 4:Research Methodology In this chapter an outline of the methods used to collect data and carry out the research is given. The way in which the interview questions have been set and how the data has been analysed using different techniques. Chapter 5: Presentation of findings and Analysis This chapter which is the main one aims at presenting and explaining the answers received from the different interviews and data from the annual reports of banks, in a structured way. Chapter 6: Recommendations and Conclusion This last chapter consists of the suggestions regarding financial risk management for the Mauritian banking sector and also the answer to the main question. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Defining Financial Risks Financial risks in the banking field are the probability that the result of an action or event could bring up unfavorable impacts. Such outcomes could either cause direct loss of earnings or capital or may result in limitations on banks capacity to meet its business objectives. Such constraints pose a risk as these could influence a banks capacity to perform its ongoing business or to take advantage of opportunities to advance its business Risks are frequently defined by the negative impacts on profitability of numerous separate sources of uncertainty. While the types and degree of risks of an organization may be exposed to depend upon a number of factors such as its size, complexity business activities, volume etc, it is believed that generally the banks face Credit, Market, Liquidity, Operational, Legal and Systemic risks etc. 2.2 Definition of Financial Risks as Per Basel II The role of risk management in banking has changed from the simple insurance of identified risks, to a discipline that concentrates on complex econometric and financial model of uncertainty. Financial risk management has been defined by the Basel Committee (2001) as a sequence of four processes: the identification of events into more or broad categories of market, credit, operational and ‘other risks and specific sub-categories; the assessment of risks using data and a risk model; the monitoring and reporting of the risk assessments on a timely basis; and the control of these risks by senior management. The first Basel Accord (1988) analysed only credit risks in the banking book; the Basel Amendment (1996) extended this to market risks in the trading book; and now the new Basel 2 Accord that will be adopted by all G10 and many other countries in 2007 refines credit risk assessments to become more sensitive and extends the calculation of risk capital to include operational risks. 2.3 Distinction between Risk Management and Risk Measurement? Risk measurement is a key part of the general risk management process, but its certainly just one of the parts. Other, similarly key parts include defining risks, setting policy risk limits and guidelines, and taking action when those limits are threatened of being breached. Risk management is as much about people, procedures, and communication, as it is about quantitative methods involved in risk measurement (Suren Markosov, 2001). Risk measurement, however, is important to the success of the risk management process. Part of the risk measurement task is to guarantee that the risk measures being used are suitable to the nature of the risks, and since these risks can be quite various in nature, so can the necessary choices of risk measures. 2.4 Why do Banks manage Risks? The analysis of risk management reported in Santomero (1995) gives us a lists of dozens contributions and at least four separate rationales considered for active risk management. These include managerial self-interest, the non-linearity of the tax structure, the costs of financial distress and the existence of capital market imperfections. Risk is a fundamental part of the banking business, it is not amazing that banks have been using risk management ever since there have been banks the industry could never have survived without it. The only modification is the degree of sophistication now necessary to reflect the new complex and fast moving environment (Laurence H Meyer, 2000). The Asian financial crisis of 1997 has shown us that ignoring necessary risk management can also add to economy-wide difficulties. The long period of extraordinary economic growth and prosperity in Asia had hidden weaknesses in risk management. Many Asian banks did not think about risk or conduct a cash flow analysis before giving way loans, but rather lent on the basis of their relationship with the borrower and the availability of guarantee despite the fact that the security was often hard to seize in the event of default. The result was that loans including loans by foreign banks grew faster than the capacity of the borrowers to repay. Risk management is clearly not free. In fact its expensive in both resources and in institutional disturbance. The cost of delaying or avoiding proper risk management can be extreme: failure of a bank and possibly failure of a banking system (Laurence H Meyer, 2000). 3.4 Determinants of Risks When banks are exposed to risk, this implies that they are vulnerable to financial distress and failure. Determinants of risk are thus causes of problem bank failure. The common causes of bank failure are: Management. Argenti (1984) attributed 17% of his A-scores to management style and composition. He attributed another 71% to accounting deficiencies, poor response to change, over-gearing, over trading and large projects; all of which hinge upon capabilities of management. Arguments that he put forward was that management is the primary and single most important cause of financial distress. Asset quality Loan and advances comprise a substantial portion (50%-80%) of commercial banks total assets and they account for more than 70% of their income. This highlights the banks role as financial intermediary. â€Å"Asset quality is the most important determinant of bank risk exposure†. This was pointed out by Hefferman (2000), Gonzalex-Hermossilo (1999), and Hardy (1998). The asset quality of a bank is affected by various factors such as, over concentration, insider lending and political loans. Over-Expansion Banks that grow quickly tend to have unjustified risks and often find that their administrative and management information system cannot keep up with the rate of expansion. Too much liquidity by way of rapid deposit growth could also be a problem in that management may undertake riskier credit proposals and this will adversely affect the asset quality. Capitalization Capital adequacy ratio is a function of adjusted risk assets. A bank can either maintain this ratio by increasing its capital or reducing of adjusted risk assets. The prime objective of this control is to protect depositors. However Blum (1998) found that with the incentives for asset substitution, capital adequacy requirements may actually increase risk. This was found in the case of J.P Morgan and Deutsche Bank. In Mauritius the BOM has adopted a capital adequacy ratio of 10% to match international standards. Fraud Fraud is one of the key determinants of risk. However it is closely related with the management competence that some fraudulent activities have passed off as incompetence. The BCI and Barings Bank are good examples. 2.5 HOW ARE RISKS MANAGED? As pointed out by Anthony M. Santomero (1997) there need to be essential procedures that must be put in place to carry out satisfactory risk management? In essence, what techniques are employed to both limit and manage the different types of risk, and how are they implemented in each area of risk control? The management of the bank relies on a series of steps to put into operation a risk management system. These can be seen as containing the following four parts: 2.5.1 Standards and reports, 2.5.2 Position limits or rules, 2.5.3 Investment guidelines or strategies, 2.5.4 Incentive contracts and compensation. In general, these tools are used to measure exposure, define procedures to manage these exposures, limit individual positions to acceptable levels, and encourage decision makers to manage risk in a manner that is consistent with the firms goals and objectives (Oldfield and Santomero, 1995). To see how each of these four parts of basic risk management techniques achieves these ends, we elaborate on each part of the process below. 2.5.1 Standards and Reports The first of these risk management techniques involves two unlike conceptual activities, i.e., standard setting and financial reporting (Santomero and Babbel, 1996). They are listed jointly because they are the sine qua non of any risk system. Underwriting standards, risk categorizations, and standards of review are all traditional tools of risk management and control. Consistent evaluation and rating of exposures of various types are essential to understand the risks in the portfolio, and the degree to which these risks must be mitigated or absorbed (Hodgson, 1999). The consistency of financial reporting is the next ingredient. Obviously outside audits, regulatory reports, and rating agency evaluations are necessary for investors to measure asset quality and firm level risk. These reports have long been standardized, for better or worse. However, the need here goes beyond public reports and audited statements to the need for management information on asset quality and risk posture. Such internal reports need similar standardization and much more frequent reporting intervals, with daily or weekly reports substituting for the quarterly GAAP periodicity. 2.5.2 Position Limits and Rules The use of position limits, and minimum standards for participation can be categorized as a second method for internal control of active management. According to Santomero (1995) risk taking is restricted to only those assets or counterparties that pass some prespecified quality standard. Then, even for those investments that are eligible, limits are compulsory to cover exposures to counterparties, credits, and overall position concentrations relative to various types of risks. While such limits are costly to set up and control, their imposition restricts the risk that can be assumed by any one individual, and therefore by the organization as a whole. In general, each person who can commit capital will have a well-defined limit. This applies to traders, lenders, and portfolio managers. Summary reports show limits as well as current exposure by business unit on a periodic basis. In big organizations with thousands of positions maintained, precise and well-timed reporting is difficult, but even more necessary (Lopez, 2003). 2.5.3 Investment Guidelines and Strategies Investment guidelines and recommended positions for the instant future are the third technique commonly in use. Cummins et al (1998) provide that under this means of management control, strategies are shaped in terms of concentrations and commitments to particular areas of the market, the extent of desired asset-liability mismatching or exposure, and the need to hedge against systematic risk of a particular type. The limits described above show the way to passive risk avoidance and diversification, because managers generally work within position limits and prescribed rules. Beyond this, guidelines offer firm level advice as to the appropriate level of active management, given the state of the market and the willingness of senior management to absorb the risks implied by the combined portfolio. Such guidelines lead to firm level hedging and asset-liability matching. In addition, securitization and even derivative activity are rapidly growing techniques of position management open to participants looking to reduce their exposure to be in line with managements guidelines. 2.5.4 Incentive Schemes Banks can enter incentive compatible contracts with line managers and make compensation linked to the risks assumed by these individuals, and then the need for complex and costly controls is decreased. However, such incentive contracts require precise position valuation and proper internal control systems. Such tools which include position posting, risk analysis, the allocation of costs, and setting of required returns to various parts of the organization are not irrelevant. Despite the complexity, well designed systems align the goals of managers with other stakeholders in a most desirable way. In fact, most financial debacles can be traced to the absence of incentive compatibility, as the cases of the deposit insurance and so clearly illustrate. The association of managerial compensation to book earnings can bring about acquisition of investments with negative convexity, duration mismatch risk, liquidity risk and credit risk, whose book profits are higher than their expected return (Cummins et al., 1998). STRATEGIES USED BY BANKS TO MANAGE RISKS INTEREST RATE RISK All banks face interest rate risk. This type of risks occurs when long term mortgages are funded by short term deposits. Interest rate risk is like the â€Å"blood pressure for banks and is vital for their survival.†(Ron Feldman and Jason Schmidt) Furthermore, according to the Basel Committee (2001) â€Å"interest rate risk is the exposure of a banks financial condition to adverse movements in interest rates. Accepting this risk is a normal part of banking and can be an important source of profitability and shareholder value.† According to the Bank of Jamaica each banking institution needs to establish explicit and prudent interest rate risk limits, and ensure that the level of interest rate risk exposure does not exceed these limits. Interest rate risk limits need to be set within an institutions overall risk profile, which reflects factors such as its capital adequacy, liquidity, credit quality, investment risk and foreign exchange risk. Interest rate positions should be managed within an institutions ability to offset such positions if necessary. Gap analysis, duration analysis and stimulation models are interest rate risk measurement techniques used by the Bank of Jamaica (2005). Each technique provides a different perspective on interest rate risk, has distinct strengths and weaknesses, and is more effective when used in combination with another. Gap Analysis A simple gap analysis measures the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities (both on- and off-balance sheet) that reprice in a particular time period. Duration Analysis Duration is the time-weighted average maturity of the present value of the cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items. It measures the relative sensitivity of the value of these instruments to changing interest rates (the average term to repricing), and therefore reflects how changes in interest rates will affect the institutions economic value, that is, the present value of equity. In this context, the maturity of an investment is used to provide an indication of interest rate risk. The longer the term to maturity of an investment, the greater the chance of interest rates movements and, hence, unfavourable price changes. Simulation Models Simulation models are an important complement to gap and duration analysis. Simulation models analyse interest rate risk in a dynamic context. They evaluate interest rate risk arising from both current and future business and provide a way to evaluate the effects of strategies to increase earnings or reduce interest rate risk. Simulation models are also useful tools for strategic planning; they allow a banking institution to effectively integrate risk management and control into the planning process. FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK It is the current risk to earnings and capital arising from negative movements in currency exchange rates. It refers to the impact of adverse movement in currency exchange rates on the value of open foreign currency position. The use of hedging techniques by the Bank of Jamaica is one means of managing and controlling foreign exchange risk. Many different financial instruments can be used for hedging purposes, the most commonly used, being derivative instruments. Examples include forward foreign exchange contracts, foreign currency futures contracts, foreign currency options, and foreign currency swaps. Generally, few banks will need to use the full range of hedging techniques or instruments. Each bank should consider which ones are necessary for the nature and extent of its foreign exchange activities, the skills and experience of trading staff and management, and the capacity of foreign exchange rate risk reporting and control systems. CREDIT RISK Credit risk is the oldest and important risk which banks exposure and important of credit risk and credit risk management are increasing with time because of some reasons like economic crises and stagnation, company bankruptcies, infraction of rules in company accounting and audits (Dr.Adem Anbar, 2006). For the Norinchukin Bank in Japan (2006), transactions involving credit risk are one of the most important and strategic sources of earnings. In addition to assessments of the risks present in individual loans and other assets, the bank conducts comprehensive risk management from the perspective of its overall credit risk portfolio. In this way, the bank works to generate earnings proportionate with the level of credit risk it takes. While frequently strengthening its credit analysis capabilities, the bank conducts expert checks on the standing of borrowers, taking due account of their characteristics as cooperatives, private corporations, public entities, or non-residents. To conduct credit analysis on private corporations and public corporations, the bank has established the Credit Risk Management Division, which is separate from the Corporate Business Management Strategy Division, to prepare credit analyses by industry, drawing fully on the expertise the bank has historically acquired. To achieve greater accuracy in assessments, each senior credit analyst in charge of a certain industry assesses each client and business through comparisons with competitors in the same business, making use of industry research capabilities. Credit risk is measured for loans, guarantees, foreign exchange and securities, such as corporate bonds, as well as for swaps and other off-balance transactions. Measurement of risk volumes are conducted according to types of transactions partners, including domestic and overseas corporations and financial institutions. Based on estimates of the total credit extended, the bank uses information related to credit risk— such as rating transition ratios that measure the probability of rating changes and are computed based on background history and future business prospects, default ratios by rating, recovery ratios in the event of default and correlations among the creditworthiness of corporations and other entities to conduct tens of thousands of simulated scenarios, under various assumptions regarding defaults and rating changes for its customers and their products—to determine the distribution of potential losses. For the estimated potential losses, the bank calculates two risk volumes: the â€Å"expected loss† that corresponds to the loss that can be expected on average over the next year and the â€Å"probable maximum loss,† which is defined as losses that can be expected under the worst case scenario. This enables the bank to check expected profitability against risk and determine the risk capital to be allocated for each business category. LIQUIDITY RISK Liquidity risk is the risk that could occur if an institution does not have enough funds accessible to meet all its cash outflow obligations as they become due. Liquidity risk management ensures that funds will be available at all times to honour the institutions obligations (Bank of Mauritius). A liquidity risk management involves not only analyzing banks on and off-balance sheet positions to forecast future cash flows but also how the funding condition would be met (Bank of Pakistan). The latter involves identifying the funding market the bank has access, understanding the nature of those markets, evaluating banks current and future use of the market and monitor signs of confidence erosion. Banks use a variety of ratios to quantify liquidity. These ratios can also be used to create limits for liquidity management. However, such ratios would be meaningless unless used regularly and interpreted taking into account qualitative factors. Ratios should always be used in conjunction with more qualitative information about borrowing capacity, such as the likelihood of increased requests for early withdrawals, decreases in credit lines, decreases in transaction size, or shortening of term funds available to the bank. To the extent that any asset-liability management decisions are based on financial ratios, a banks asset-liability managers understand how a ratio is constructed, the range of alternative information that can be placed in the numerator or denominator, and the scope of conclusions that can be drawn from ratios. Because ratio components as calculated by banks are sometimes inconsistent, ratio-based comparisons of institutions or even comparisons of periods at a single institution can be misleading. Cash Flow Ratios and Limits. One of the most serious sources of liquidity risk comes from a banks failure to roll over a maturing liability. Cash flow ratios and limits attempt to measure and control the volume of liabilities maturing during a specified period of time. Liability Concentration Ratios and Limits. Liability concentration ratios and limits help to prevent a bank from relying on too few providers or funding sources. Limits are usually expressed as either a percentage of liquid assets or an absolute amount. Sometimes they are more indirectly expressed as a percentage of deposits, purchased funds, or total liabilities. Other Balance Sheet Ratios. Total loans/total deposits, total loans/total equity capital, borrowed funds/total assets etc are examples of common ratios used by financial institutions to monitor current and potential funding levels. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES USED BY BANKS CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT Credit operations are traditionally the main source of income as well as risks for banks. I am going to elaborate on the result and analysis of market central bank meeting participants carried out by Ramon Moreno in 2005. It was found that 40% of the respondents to his survey cited credit to household as an important source of credit risk. According to Moreno, a distinct increase in credit to the household sector has altered risk exposures and he also found that in some countries there is significant credit risks on the banking book associated with asset price fluctuation for example lending for residential real estate accounts for around 25% of total loans in Hong Kong and Korea, around 19% in Hungary, Poland and Israel, but lower in Colombia and Mexico. Another study carried out by Santomero in 1997 found that banks usually use a credit rating procedure to evaluate investment opportunities in order for credit decisions to be made in a consistent manner and to limit credit risk exposure. By using such a procedure banks were able to monitor the quality of its loan portfolio at any time. It was found that the credit quality report signals changes in expected loan losses, if the system is meaningful. Also many banks are starting to develop concentration reports, indicating industry composition of the loan portfolio. Moody had developed a system of 34 industry groups that may be used to report concentrations. Reports such an industry grouping to illustrate the kind of concentration reports that are emerging as stand in the banking industry. Moreover a credit risk survey study was done in the Turkish Banking by Dr Adem ANBAR, where he found that there is main quantitative credit risk measurer. There are expected loss (EL), unexpected loss (UL) and credit value at risk (CVAR). Although these credit risk measures are used for measuring credit risk of one asset, particularly they are used for measuring portfolio credit risk. Only 35% of the bank used these measures. According to Dr Anbar, 30% of the banks said they measured credit risk using a portfolio credit risk model and software developed mostly by them. Furthermore 95% of the bank used internal credit rating system and a credit scoring model in credit risk analysis. This technique was used to determine credit limits, to determine problematic credit and credit risk measurement. According to the study there are 3 approaches in Basel II for credit measurement. These are Standardised Approach (SA), Foundation Internal Ratings Based Approach (FIRBA), and Advanced Internal Rating Based Approach (AIRBA). It was found that 60% of the banks used the first method and 20% the FIRBA and 20% the AIRBA. Dr Anbar found that in general the tools which are used by Turkish banks are collateral, credit limits and diversification but they dont use methods like loan selling, securitization, credit insurance for transferring credit risk. One reason for that was that these types of methods havent been developed in Turkish sector yet. INTEREST RATE RISK MANAGEMENT The tradition has been for the banking industry to diverge somewhat from other parts of the financial sectors in the treatment of interest rate risk. According to Santomero (1997) institutions that do not have active trading businesses, value-at-risk has become the standard approach. Many firms use this model but in some cases it is still in an implementation process. According to his analysis, commercial banks tend not to use market value reports and guidelines but rather, their approach relies on cash flow and bank values. This system has been traditionally been known as the GAP reporting system. This system has been supplemented with a duration analysis. (Hempel, Simonson and Coleman, 1994) Most banks, however have attempted to move beyond this gap methodology, they have concluded that the gap and duration reports are static and do not fit well with the dynamic nature of the banking market. Furthermore, according to the survey, many banks are using balance sheet simulation models to find the effect of interest rate variation on reported earnings overtime. This system requires relatively informed repricing schedules as well as estimates of prepayments and cash flows. The simulation system being completed, reports the resultant derivations in earnings associated with the rate scenarios considered. Officials then make use of cash, futures and swaps to reduce this risk. 2.7.3 LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT The liquidity risk that does present a real challenge is the need for funding when and if a sudden crisis arises. Standard reports on liquid assets and open lines of credit, which are germane to the first type of li