The Therapy Group Health And Social Care Essay

Taking into consideration the peculiar traits of my personality and my ain experiences on a idiosyncratic degree every bit good as on an interpersonal communicating degree, I have concluded that the most representative theoretical psychotherapeutic attack for myself is the 1 of Carl Rogers ‘ . The basic rules of the healer ‘s earnestness, genuineness and â€Å" understanding † , every bit good as credence, empathy and apprehension of the patient constitute some characteristics that comply with my point of position. The Rogerian impression group centered therapy, every bit good as the impression of self-actualisation reflect most accurately the values that I would wish to function. I?I ±I? I?I ±I„ ‘ I µIˆI ­I?I„I ±I?I · the â€Å" group centered † . I respect profoundly the client ‘s authorization to be able to find himself the therapy he needs and to take it at his ain gait ; therefore, run intoing his basic demands fo r acknowledgment, equal intervention and grasp. The topic of the therapy group which I would organize would be the support of people with physical disablements. The grounds of this pick are varied: first of all, it is an issue that intrigues me ; I find it peculiarly interesting, disputing and attractive from a humanistic, but besides from a professional point of position. So, I would wish to specialise in guidance and psychotherapeutics of people with disablements, as a professional option. The topographic point in which meetings will be held is a critical issue for the group, because people in wheel-chairs must hold entree towards their finish. It is really of import for them to experience that they can travel approximately and go around comfortably, without troubles and obstructions such as stepss, narrow lifts, long distances and other similar hindrances. The physical scene of the group must give them a sense of being welcomed, without stressing their distinction. For that ground, it is indispensable that the topographic point of meetings be easy accessible to people with gesture disablements ( for illustration, means of mass transit that can function them ) . The infinite must be on the groundfloor and if it is on a higher degree the lift must be big plenty and rage should be available. Besides, the dimensions of the room must let a comfy moving in it. Furthermore, that topographic point has to supply the members with privateness, freedom from distraction and to let them to sit in a circle, so that they can see, detect and interact straight with one another. The nature of that group involves some specialnesss. The fact that, these people get tired easy and rapidly, every bit good as that they need person else to assist and function them sets some bounds. The continuance of the meetings should non transcend, but respect the members ‘ physical bounds. On the other manus, the clip must be plenty, so that the group will be able to analyse all the issues raised by all members. So, a meeting should last 2 to 2,5 hours with 1 or 2 interruptions. Of class, in instance of any crisis or occasion during a meeting, the session can last more than 2,5 hours. Because of the specialnesss of these people, the fast beat of life and of fiscal grounds, the frequence of the meetings would be one time a hebdomad. The life-span of the group would be brief and would last about six months, in other words 25-30 meetings. The short life-span presupposes that the leader will be required to maintain attending to some affairs. As the healer, I will hold to clear up the ends of the group and to remain focused on them. The choice and the readying of the members must be done with great attention, so that dropouts and misinterpretations are prevented. By and large, the limited life of the group requires a specific mental set and clip direction.Size of the GroupThe ideal size of the group would be 7-8 members. It is a figure of participants that allows effectual interaction among them. The group would be closed ; therefore, given that some members could drop out, it would be functional to get down the group with a spot larger size, that is to state with 8-9 people. The tracts of interaction will be unfastened among all members, including the leader, as shown in the diagram.( The points stand for the membe rs and the healer of the group, while the lines represent the synergistic tracts of communicating. )Intake procedures – a ) The Selection of MembersThe manner that the choice of members is accomplished is irregular. The healer, on a general footing, must be concerned with which patient will be excluded from the group and so, more specifically, with who will be included. It is easier to find the people who do non run into the demands of engagement, than the 1s who do. This process will take topographic point during the pregroup consumption interview. The basic standard for the exclusion of some individuals from the group is his likeliness for dropout. Therefore, during the consumption interview all the features and the factors which may ensue in dropout must be clarified. Peoples with terrible abnormal psychology, lower IQ, less psychological mindedness and likeability, lower socioeconomic category, high denial to alter and high somatization are really likely to dropout. External factors like scheduling jobs, traveling of the town and declaration of some instant crisis could take to premature expiration of the therapy. Group deviancy, jobs of familiarity, fright of emotional contagious disease, coincident person and group therapy constitute some of the factors for dropout and must be screened out and examined with cautiousness and duty. Peoples with features and attitudes as the above would be excluded. Without dissing, I would propose them to get down an single therapy, or I would mention them to another group suited with their demands and ends. On the other manus, there are some human traits that could take to a successful engagement in the group. Peoples with grate motive and willingness are the best campaigners for the group. Besides, the credence of duty for intervention and the desire to alter are positive characteristics and standards for inclusion in the group. Therefore, the group will able to work functionally and to ensue in, the positive result of alteration.B ) The Intake InterviewAll the above are portion of the consumption interview. The intent of the interview is, on one manus, the definition of the standards for exclusion or inclusion in the group and on the other manus, the anticipation of the interpersonal behaviour of the members. Therefore, during the prescreening interview, the object of the enquiry is non merely the patient as a topic of psychological scrutiny and diagnosing, but besides his interpersonal attitudes, accomplishments and interaction with the healer. I think it is necessary for the individual who is traveling to take part in the therapy group to undergo a series of diagnostic procedures, such as a recording of his single background, an IQ trial and a projective trial. For that intent, as a healer I have in my disposal the Weschler IQ trial and the I ¤.I‘.I ¤ . personality trial ( Thematic Apperception Test ) . The interpersonal consumption interview is every bit of import as the â€Å" diagnosing † . This procedure aims at analyzing the abilities and qualities of the patient, so that he can run into the demands for interpersonal communicating with the healer. The conditions of the interview have to be every bit similar as possible to those that will be shaped in the group. This is necessary, because the more similar they are, the more accurate and distinct the anticipation of interpersonal behaviour will be. Thus, the healer ‘s duty is to make an ambiance and norms resembling to those of the meetings ( such as freedom of address, regard of others, honestness, active engagement, interaction, self-contemplation, self-disclosure, giving-taking feedback, etc ) . Furthermore, it is of import that the interview will mention to â€Å" here and now † , so that the observation may take to the most utile information. Finally, the prospective member will be submitted to inquiries related to his/her past interpersonal relationships in the household, work, school, nines etc. To finish the consumption interview, I think two or three meetings at least are required. The clip before the beginning of the group therapy is important for the illation extraction about the hereafter members, every bit good as for their psychological readying.degree Celsius ) Preparation of the MembersThe members ‘ readying for the therapy aims at making the fortunes which are important for their best and most effectual engagement into the group. Therefore, during the initial process, I consider elucidation of certain misinterpretations refering group therapy, really of import. Of equal importance are: informing the prospective member about some issues that he/she might disregard, beef uping his/her positive elements sing therapy and cut downing the negative 1s. It is particularly of import that group therapy is considered every bit valuable as the single 1. Furthermore, for the specific people, group therapy is likely to be a more efficient and immediate intervention, every bit far as the peculiar ends are concerned and this has to be clear ; it is necessary that the belief in and the outlook from the therapy is instilled. During the readying phase, the healer must be certain that every member ‘s personal ends from the therapy suit the group ‘s ends. Furthermore, the leader has to do a description and a full presentation of the procedures which will be followed and of the curative environment, stressing the of import elements of safety and trust. I would depict the group as a school of self-exploration and find, every bit good as an chance for societal look and engagement. I would propose to the members to be simple, honest and direct, in order to take part in the group the best manner they can ; besides, I would advert the uncomfortable feelings and the possible letdowns they might see, indicating out that the â€Å" alteration † might necessitate some hurting and, decidedly, some clip. In add-on to that, I would advert the basic regulations of confidentiality, every bit good as the necessity of avoiding subgrouping. The readying stage helps the prospective members to go familiar with the thought and the future work of the group. Therefore, their motivations to fall in the group will be stimulated, while any possible anxiousness or emphasis will be decreased.The Group CompositionHarmonizing to the description and the particular characteristics of the group, it could be considered as a homogenous therapy group. The fact that the members will hold a similar organic structure image and symptoms, leads to that decision. However, this homogeneousness will non mention to the personalities of the people. In order to be functional, the group should integrate different personalities and behaviours, so that the members can work on an synergistic footing. As a healer, I do non mean to make a hapless group, which will merely supply a short alleviation of psychological symptoms and a support for a limited clip. On the contrary, the coexistence of many different and heterogenous sorts of behaviour and of assorted psychological ways of confronting the job -physical disability- will ensue in a more synergistic and disputing group. Furthermore, the members will change in age, but they will belong to the same age class ( grownups, 20-50 old ages old ) . A great age difference could do troubles in communicating and common apprehension among them, or it could convey a sense of isolation. The symptom homogeneousness is likely to trip a series of curative factors, in a really short period of clip. The fact that the members will portion common and similar experiences in relation to their physical specialness, will ensue in coherence and catholicity even from the first meetings. The support they will offer one another and the exchange of suggestions and advice on specific issues, will convey into action selflessness and interpersonal acquisition. On the other manus, the already activated curative factors will assist with the more mature confrontation of any struggles or dissensions during the therapy, raised from the members ‘ heterogeneousness. Therefore, the coexistence of those two elements, homogeneousness and heterogeneousness, is of critical importance for the positive result of the therapy.Announcement of the GroupThe proclamation of the therapy group can be done in many different ways. First, it can be advertised in certain specialised magazines, which addr ess to people with disablements, such as â€Å" ORIZONTAS TON PARAPLIGIKON † , â€Å" ISOTIMIA † and â€Å" ANAPIRIA TORA † . It can besides be published in the specialised web site www.disabled.gr. Furthermore, there can be postings hanged in the cardinal offices of the organisations for the handicapped people, every bit good as in private offices of physicians and physical therapists. Finally, a all right manner to advance the group is a personal contact with people who are likely to be interested or could inform some others about it. The response might non be so immediate, so the procedure of the proclamation has to get down rather early before the beginning day of the month of the group meetings.In conclusionaˆÂ ¦All the above describe a possible creative activity of a therapy group and of its initial processs on a theoretical footing. However, the practical execution might differ significantly from the image presented in this assignment. The leading of such a group requires exceeding professional makings and a magnetic personality in order to cover with people with physical disablements. The differentiation between the human inclinations of empathy, emotional presence, protection and support from commiseration is rather hard some times and it demands experience and particular accomplishments from the healer. The nature of the group requires a great trade of duty, which might arouse inordinate emphasis to the healer, particularly during the first meetings. However, the sense of satisfaction and fulfilment that rises from the working with such a group of people, can be really intense. Giving and assisting people who have a more obvious demand for alleviation, credence, support and love than the able-bodied, constitutes a gift of psyche, which is to be returned to the 1 who offered it. The balance lies someplace in between. The aureate mean that separates the professional healer from the emotional homo being, but which unites them at the same clip.

American Revolution Essay

After the American Revolution, Americans, who had just broken free from the British, completely changed their politics, economy and society. The Founders decided to change how they wanted to run their society, even though, in the end, they went back to a more powerful federal government like Britain. Most people’s daily lives didn’t change much but the principles from the revolution made some try to look for better financial opportunities. Women, slaves, and loyalists were changed a lot in society. Women had more freedoms, some of the slaves were set free, and many loyalists left America. America did not go through much economic change, but it did experience social and political change. Since they had just fought a war to gain their freedom from them, Americans wanted their government not to be similar to Britain’s at all. This is why they implemented the Articles of Confederation that greatly limited federal power. But this government couldn’t raise taxes, or do a plethora of other tasks that were desperately needed, so the people realized their need for a more centralized government. While the new Constitution was still being created and ratified, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay were writing the Federalist Papers in hopes of convincing states to support it. James Madison, in number 51 of the papers wrote â€Å"Ambition must be made to counteract ambition† (Doc I). He was referring to the idea of checks and balances that would be used to ensure that anyone in the federal government would not be able to have too much power, which the people were very wary of. When it was finally ratified, the Constitution was similar to Britain’s government but also different because of their system of checks and balances. There was not much economic change in America after the revolution. The Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture in 1786 gave out a medal, which said, â€Å"Venerate the plough† (Doc F). This exhibits how the elite were still trying to help the common people who weren’t financially better off than before the revolution, but it didn’t make much difference. Similarly, in Shay’s Rebellion, Yeoman farmers in Massachusetts, according to Abigail Adams’ letter to Thomas Jefferson, â€Å"were crying out for a paper currency, some for an equal distribution of property† (Doc G). Shay’s Rebellion symbolizes the economic troubles that the poor had to deal with. The social change was the biggest change that happened in America. After the Revolution, the place of women, slaves, and loyalists in society was greatly altered. In order to teach justice and liberty to their children, women were educated in the ideals of Republican Motherhood. In a woodcut of a patriot woman made in 1779, a woman is shown with a rifle and gunpowder horn (Doc A). Some women did play bigger roles in society by going with the fighting soldiers and sometimes even fighting with them in the revolution. However, not all women were satisfied to just go back to the earlier place in society they were at before the war as shown by Molly Wallace who said during her valedictory address in 1792, â€Å"if [taught] to read, why not to speak? † (Doc J). Many American women, like Wallace, sought after advancing their roles in society. But sadly, women suffrage didn’t happen for 140 years. For slaves in some regions, there was a lot of social change. In the years after the revolution, the slave owners in the North practiced manumission, and freed many slaves there. In the South, however, it would take many more years and a Civil War for the slaves to gain their freedom. There were more actions against slavery, though. The Northwest Ordinance in 1787 stated, â€Å"There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in said territory† (Doc H), outlawing the spread of slavery in new states in hopes that eventually, states without slavery would exceed the states with it and be able to abolish it everywhere. The loyalists or â€Å"Tories† also went through significant change in society. Since they had favored Britain during the way, after it, they were became a widely hated. The Pennsylvania Packet says â€Å"Never let [the Tories] return to this happy land† (Doc B). They went through so much change in society that countless loyalists left America, never to return. Politically, Americans underwent some change by creating a new government even though they still altered it in the end. Economically, there were still elites who ruled over the lower, poor class of people. And socially, a large amount of change occurred for women, slaves and loyalists, although the change in the place of loyalists was extremely negative. In these ways, American society was changed in respect to political and social life, but not economically.

Exam Question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exam Question - Coursework Example However, the complexities of the case arose with the inability to tamper with the provisions over a private contract specifically because consumer rights are private and not linked to state regulations. The legal relations for consumer protection were then one of the main considerations with the case. The proceedings that were created from the main debates were based on consumer rights that could follow under the law. The first proceeding stated that a credit agreement should not affect the rights of the consumer against the purchase of services or goods. The consumer enters an agreement with the contractor, specifically with the understanding that the services or goods will be supplied. This makes it a legal obligation for the supplier to carry forward with all contractual agreements, specifically which is made under the assumption of the agreement through a pre-existing agreement. The right to pursue credit or to be granted a difference in the contract occurs only in the instance w hen the consumer is not satisfied with the services delivered or when there is a failure to meet the demands through the services and products that are expected through the pre-agreement of a given contract. However, it was noted that the consumer may pursue the justification of lack of fulfilment of a contract. This does not entitle the legal proceedings to match this, specifically which is created according to the direct effect that this has on the consumer. The conditions and the remedies then have to be looked into with the contractual agreement and potential breach of contracts that are created. The case that was created not only referred to the consumer protection and the need to fulfil contracts for consumer protection. The court also found that the Treaty of the EU, Article 3s, 129a, created different levels of contribution to consumer rights. The community was responsible only for contributing to consumer protection, specifically with political and legal integration through the internal market. The duty of consumer protection created an effect where consumers had the right to have the fulfilment of products and services within the internal market. The horizontal direct effect then had a direct bearing on the consumer protection, specifically with the need to create and define consumer protection and credit. b. The legal issue that was associated with the case was based on the need to have consumer protection. Private entities are regarded as having freedom of offering services and products while having the right to refuse service or to terminate contracts with consumers. There is also the ability to allow the service or product providers to refuse fulfilment of consumer credit under given circumstances. The question which arose was based on how much consumer protection should be granted if there is a contract that is unfulfilled by those who are offering product or services. The level of interference from a political and legal entity was questioned, s pecifically with how much this could move into consumer rights and protection among those that were looking at the private contracts that were expected to be fulfilled. The rulings of the case were based on the horizontal direct effect. The effect was one which stated that the services or products provided with a contractual agreement were required to be fulfilled. If the services or products harmed or affected the consumer, then it was considered an illegal breach

Nursing Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example Obviously, the therapy directed specifically to the cancer is not working any more. The medical decision was to provide palliative care at home. The nurse in this case has also been requested by the family to refrain from disclosing her diagnosis to her. The patient asks about a particular medication given to her by the nurse. While the medication actually is an anticancer drug, the nurse is instructed by the family members to tell that it is a stool softener. The client does not have any clear directives about end of life care. The family wants her to be kept out of the loop in care. Although family can provide further information about the clients characteristics, lifestyle, value, and beliefs, here they are clearly paternalistic and have decided to violate patients autonomy. The nurse at any cost must preserve autonomy of the patient regarding her own care. When the nurse is asked to tell the patient a lie about the medicine she is taking, the principle of fidelity or faithfulness is violated (Ferrell and Coyle, 2006). This ethical dilemma will be analyzed from the nursing ethical principles based on Bandman and Bandman shared decision making model. The nurse in this situation is indirectly forced to lie for the family to the patient. Not complying with the familys wishes may cause dismissal of the nurses service to the patient. This is an ethical dilemma (Teno, 2004). It is clear that the family has denied the client’s right to self determination. The American Nurses Association advocates full autonomy to the patient will total disclosure of facts regarding healthcare and healthcare decisions. It is clear that she has not been fully informed, and she is not being helped to comprehend her conditions. According to this principle, the nurse should provide the patient with the opportunity to make her own decisions related to her health-care needs. Moreover, misinforming patients regarding their care or medications violates the principle of

What Are the Economic Reasons for the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and Essay

What Are the Economic Reasons for the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and Its Abolition - Essay Example The event was supported by the change in moral, religious and humanitarian reasons observed among the citizens. The triangle of trade consisted of three journeys: the outward passage from Europe to Africa with the manufactured goods, the middle passage from Africa to the Americas or the Caribbean’s which carried African captives and commodities and lastly, the homeward passage which carried goods back to Europe (National Maritime Museum). The slave trade made the bulk of the labor force of the New World. They comprise of the bulk of workers in the sugar plantation which is the most labor intensive crop, while some also work in harvesting coffee, cotton and tobacco and some also helped in mining (Wikimedia Foundations Inc.). The cheap labor has been Europe’s power, shipping around 6000-8000 African slaves every year (National Musuems Liverpool). The trafficiking of Africans has been the business of the rich and powerful where both the monarchy and the church has benefitted much so that it comprised 80% of the total British trade, helping in the development of banking and insurance, ship building and several manufacturing industries (Adi). Eric Williams, the showed that the profit from the trafficking has financed England’s industrialization process, that it has become a very essential element to the Industrial Revolution and has brought much wealth to Europe (Wikimedia Foundations Inc.). There has been much speculation as to the abolition of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. Humanitarian reasons were cited such as of morality and religion. The humanitarian reason is largely a work of William Wilberforce, who was a British politican and philantrophist who led the movement to abolish slave trade, however, the economic reasons for the abolition cannot be discarded. Many believe that the slave trade was abolished mainly for economic reasons such as argued by Eric Williams. The simple reason was slavery as a form of labor has become unviable

Research paper on the wife of his youth Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On the wife of his youth - Research Paper Example He refers to people of the black race as â€Å"black†, but Liza Jane is ruder in her expressions concerning race. Chesnutt chooses an interesting way for reflection of relations between the social and moral values and their reference to property and show (Bryant, 2000). Liza shows her eternal love and Mr. Ryder reflects his ideas and responsibilities concerning Liza Jane as his original love. Mr. Ryder was not afraid of acknowledging his wife from plantations after years of separation: "Ladies and gentlemen, this is the woman, and I am the man, whose story I have told you. Permit me to introduce to you the wife of my youth", - with these words Mr. Ryder introduced his wife of his youth into the refined and elegant society (Chesnutt). He challenged his world of upper class and he believed only in relations between a man and a woman and he did not mind skin color, but only was pleased by her perfect lips and beauty†¦Mr. Ryder was not scared off by the society and in spite of the fact that he was one of the leaders of the Blue Vein Societies, he demonstrated his neutral attitude to the Africa n Americans (Fienberg, 1999). It is a perfect example of the way a privileged class is presented in a positive light in relation to black-skinned people. Nowadays the problem of racial discrimination still exists, notwithstanding that there has been a lasting struggle with it. He proved that the color of skin did not matter much and even though Mr. Ryder tried to hide his real attitude to black skinned people behind his refined dictionary, Liza Jane helps him to get rid of this mask. This is a story about a brave man and a modest woman: his bravery made him rise above social and racial prejudices and her love and modesty made her accept this man as her original husband, a husband of her youth. Therefore, this story by Chesnutt is very impressive and the modern society can learn many interesting things from complex racial

Philosophy of mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy of mind - Essay Example Summary of Searle’s Claim Searle’s (1980) reply to the query: â€Å"Could a machine think?† is built on two propositions, which he stated as follows: â€Å"(1) Intentionality in human beings (and animals) is a product of causal features of the brain. (2) Instantiating a computer program is never by itself a sufficient condition of intentionality.† Searle explains that the strict logical consequence of his first two propositions is (3) the explanation that the manner by which the brain produces intentionality invalidates the claim that intentionality is also produced by instantiating a computer program. Hence, a computer program cannot produce intentionality. He furthers that the trivial consequence of his first proposition is (4) the need to possess causal powers similar with those of the brain to enable any mechanism to produce intentionality. Hence, a machine should have a human-like brain to be able to think. Lastly, he explains that what follows to his propositions 2 and 4 is the proposition (5) that any literal attempt to create intentionality through artificial way would fail to do so if it will only design programs like the AI; what it needs to succeed is to recreate the human brain’s causal powers. ... Hence proposition (1) can be stated as human beings have intentionality because they have the causal powers of the brain. This way of saying it is to state Searle’s argument in another way – that intentionality is the mental activity that human beings are capable of doing because of the causal powers of the human brain that they biologically possess; for a machine to think it must have intentionality which can only be possible through having the causal powers of the brain. Hence, not unless the machine has the causal powers of the brain similar to human beings, the machine could not think. Thus, to say that AI, as what functionalism and computationalism persistently assert, can fully think – with the understanding that thinking here has intentionality – is short of saying that AI can also be human beings – a claim that obviously Searle does not want to accept, rejecting every possibility that AI could think and consistently defending his position th at intentionality is a mental characteristic inherent to human beings. Actually, AI’s claim seems harmless, but perhaps Searle has perceived its dangerous implication that’s why he obstinately opposes it. Hence on his part, Searle simplifies his proposition (1) in a way that does not allow an AI to become capable of thinking: â€Å"†¦ certain brain processes are sufficient for intentionality† (p. 417). Searle’s way of simplifying his proposition (1) is to emphasize his point that intentionality requires necessary causal features of the brain that is far more than the information processing system that computationalism is so proud of or the formal symbol manipulation of functionalism, because these causal features of the brain are in fact

Soldiers Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Soldiers Journal - Essay Example In the absence of training, the soldier is just like any other person. Based on this, training continued to be part of our integral camping at the Shai-Hills Military Center when we were on peace keeping mission to Afghanistan. Thursday, 3rd March 2010, was to be a specialized training regime for the infantry in which I belonged. I term the training specialized because we were to receive dedicated training on self protection against enemies who may use indigenous forms of weapons. It would be noted that the part of the world where we went for the military camping is not as advanced as other parts of the world where sophisticated modern weapons of mass destruction are used. These are people who normally use medieval weapons. But it would be foolish on the part of any commander to underestimate the power of medieval weapons. For this reason, our commander arranged us for a special training on how to defend ourselves against the use of medieval weapons. The training program was with a r esourced person who was a military personnel and an anthropologist. He took us through the basic defense technique regarding the use of medieval weapons and how to protect ourselves against sudden attacks. It was indeed a very useful day as it was a giant step against getting any of us get attacked defenselessly. Saturday, 19th March 2010 Social Outing All work and no play, they say makes jack a doll boy. This means that it is always good to wine off after some hard season of tough brainy drills. Who says we do not have funny at the military camp? Without these fun-filled moments, we would have each burst out with stress. On 12th March 2010, there was a special social outing section arranged for the soldiers in my infantry. There was one peculiar thing that made this day very special to me. This was because the day presented those of us at the lower rank to easily mingle with our superior officers. In this military service, such form of socialization does not happen easily because o f bureaucratic discipline and respect for authority (DeVries, 2012). Personally, it was an opportunity for me to learn more about our commander in terms of how he started off as a young soldier and how he had risen through the ranks to the level he currently found himself. Opportunity for the interaction came when the junior officers engaged the commanders in several social activities including sports and games. Some of the activities included the playing of chess, soccer, basketball, hide and seek, and table tennis. After the major activities, where was an open forum where we freely asked our officers about their social life. Monday, 20th March 2010 War Field ‘Wahala’ In military terms, ‘walaha’ means trouble. I have therefore tagged the heading as war field ‘walaha’ to stand for a very serious encounter I had with an enemy on 20th March 2010. Before I even proceed, I must say that I thank God for keeping my life up till now because it was a v ery dangerous encounter with the enemy. Simply put, it was an unannounced attack on us at our camp. As soldiers on peace keeping, we try as much as possible not to be combative against the civilian or rebel soldiers. All that it is for us to do is to ensure peace between the two sides in the war (Gravett, 2003). But it was like a group of civilians did not appreciate this effort and wanted to take the law into their own hands. Their complain was that we were being too lenient with the rebels and so they came to attack as unawares and this started a battle between they and us. As predicted by our officers, these people came with medieval weapons such as bow, arrows, spears and even slings. There is no denying the fact that they showed mastery over these medieval weapons and could have been very deadly

How dialysis treatment for kidney failure relies on an understanding Essay

How dialysis treatment for kidney failure relies on an understanding of the principles of diffusion - Essay Example Maher states that an infection or physical injury to the kidneys can affect the dialyzing ability of the kidneys. A malfunction of the human kidneys can lead to the accumulation of poisonous molecules such as urea in blood (Maher, 1989). A toxic level of urea in blood is fatal. A dialyzing machine works like the kidneys. The difference between a dialysing machine and the human kidneys is the reverse dialysis, which returns small molecules like glucose to the body. The natural kidneys perform endocrine function, which is not possible in the dialysis machine (Maher, 1989). Chung Lee (2006) explains that dialysis is a short-term treatment option to sustain the lives of patients waiting for a kidney transplant. In 2006, research showed that in the globally there were over 1 million patients dependent on dialysis. In the United States 506,256, citizens were under dialysis treatment. In the United Kingdom data from the UK renal registry indicated that around 45, 484 adults were under dialysis treatment. There are two dialysis procedures available for patients experiencing renal problems: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis involves pumping the patient’s blood through an artificial dialysis membrane present in the dialysis machine. The waste products in the patient’s blood diffuse through the membrane to the dialysate. This movement occurs due to the presence of a concentration gradient between the two media. In peritoneal dialysis, the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity works as the dialysis membrane. The peritoneum has a dense capillary network, which makes it a suitable media for the dialysis procedure. The dialysate is pumped to the abdominal cavity via a catheter. In peritoneal dialysis, toxic substances diffuse to the dialysate through the blood capillaries semi permeable membrane (Maher, 1989). Cheng explains that a patient can self-administer peritoneal dialysis.

Securities regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Securities regulation - Essay Example As such, it reduces the events of unwarranted lawsuits. Additionally, the regulation is perceivably accurate, owing to its elimination of unjustifiable errors. However, there may be events of complexity in the preparation of financial statements emanating from this procedure. Besides, the principles-based regulations usually employ the commonly conventional accounting principles as their accounting foundations. Set objectives aid in the creation of accurate financial records. There is usually an example that serves as a guideline in the preparation of such financial statements. A significant merit in this principle is the fact that it may be applicable in the effortless creation of financial records in numerous accounting circumstances as opposed to its rules-based counterpart. However, its key setback may emanate from its lack of uniformed guidelines, thereby producing inconsistent information, thereby making it difficult in the comparison of dissimilar organizations. Besides, in cases of litigation, the accountants may compel themselves into unwarranted legal

How multi agencies work together Essay Example for Free

How multi agencies work together Essay There are many agencies that we work with to help with children and young peoples development. When we look at behavioural development, social interactions and speech development all these agencies link together. We use nursery transition days to help the child settle into their new environments and arrange intake visits and meetings with the school for a smoother transition. Social services is used if we have any concerns of a childs well being so then police and a designated social worker would also be involved. The health team are always on hand to help if any families need support with parenting or any development issues. They will then offer parents appropriate courses such as nurturing. At Playgroup we can point in the right direction of any help needed such as our family intervention officers who go into the family homes and will discuss any problems families may have. We run a language and play session which families are invited to where they can enjoy some one to one time with their child to do various activities that will enhance development and build parents confidence too. We have various teachers who can give us support too that work within flying start that can give advice on childrens development and help observe children if we feel there are any problems. Also we can offer one to one support to children if they need it as many of us have had relevant training through senco. We work with health visitors on a daily basis as they are in the same building as us. They give us all relevant information on new children due to start and if there are any concerns with children already with us. We would discuss any issues we have with any children to the designated health visitor of the child as they have all relevant information on that child. Sogs assessments are a good way to see if a child is lacking in any developmental stage and these are used to determine if any outside agencies are called in to discuss anything further. We have also worked closely with social services and have attested child protection conferences. These help us understand what is going on with the child in their home environment and will help us understand if there have been changes in the childs development at Playgroup too. We are able to keep all information confidential and it is only available to the relevant people involved. All staff are made aware of any children that are put on the child protection  list and all staff have their child protection training updated so we are aware of what we do if we are unsure of a childs well being.

Effectiveness Of The E Recruitment Process Commerce Essay

Effectiveness Of The E Recruitment Process Commerce Essay The rapid advances in technology have dramatically changed the way business is conducted and this increasing use of and reliance on technology is clearly demonstrated by the number of organisations and individuals who utilise the Internet and electronic mail (e-mail). The impact of technology on business is further reflected by the continuous rise in amount of literature exploring the effects of new technology development and implementation on the efficiency of business, including the impacts on human resource practices (Cullen, 2001; Dessler, 2002; Dineen, Noe, Wang, 2004; Smith et al., 2004). In particular, the adoption of the Web as a medium by organisations has been faster than any other medium in history (Bush et al., 2002). This is demonstrated by the fact that while it took more than 30 years for radio as a medium to reach 50 million listeners, the Internet reached 50 million users within five years (Kerschbaumer, 2000). The importance of effective human resource management practices for organisations has been highlighted by the increasing amount of research published within the media. Recruitment is a key element of human resource management; this function generates the human capital that forms the foundation of companies. The success of the company is based on the success of human resource efforts, which evolves through identification and attraction of quality new employees generated from the recruitment process (Barber, 1998). 1.1 Statement of the Problem The scope of study is in private sector which is Petroliam Nasional Berhad (Petronas). Private sector such as Petronas is welcoming people around the world to join them. E-recruitment system is a need for them to adopt and implement. Majority of organization have some degree of online recruitment process. Thus, it certainly creates competition within the industry. E-recruitment is affected by a lot of internal and external factors. Organizations have to constantly aware of the changes and develop appropriates strategies in order to truly gain effectiveness of the e-Recruitment process. Petronas will benefit from the study. 1.2 Research Objectives The objectives of the study are to: To identify the reasons why e-recruitment attract employees more effectively. To identify the reasons recruiter in large organization uses e-recruitment. To identify the effectiveness of using e-recruitment to recruit. 1.3 Research Question The research questions used in this study are: What are the reasons that e-recruitment attracts employees more effectively? What are the reasons recruiters in large organization uses e-recruitment? How effective is e-recruitment to recruit employees in large organization? 1.4 Significance of the Study This research is very important, because the finding of the study will enhance the body of knowledge. This research looks at the relationship of implemented e-recruitment and the effectiveness of the result in attracting employees. The research will benefit Petronas. E-Recruitment system is a necessity for organization to adopt and implement. Majority of organization have some degree of online recruitment process. This study will provide statistical analysis collected from the survey. 1.5 Limitation of the Study The sample of this research is 100 staff in the Administration Department who is working at the private sector at Petronas in order to examine the factors and effectiveness of e-recruitment in a large organization. 1.6 Definitions of Terms TERMS DEFINITIONS Blue-Collar Refer to people who work in office business environment E-recruitment The utilisation of the internet for candidate sourcing, selection, communication, and management throughout the recruitment process High Context Communication Most of the information is either in the physical context or initialized in the person HR professional person who practice or do human resources related job in the company Hypothesis It is an idea, an assumption, or a theory about the behaviour of one or more variables in one or more population Low Context Communication The mass of information is vested in the explicit code message Qualified Candidate person who applied to jobs and has met the qualification of the job Recruitment Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation Recruitment Cycle is the time period of companys recruitment process Social Networking Sites websites that provide common cyber space for the registered users to meet or comment on others CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW As the technology and internet advanced, organizations adopt to use web-based tools as a daily management function. For example, recruitment has no longer constrained by distance and time. The raise of e-Recruitment has bought attention to majority of organization. More and more employers adopted the trend of using e-Recruitment process to seek the best qualified candidates. The trend of employer using e-recruitment process has result a decrease using traditional paper based recruitment process. The trend of recruitment process has tendency of use web-based methods, such as job boards, employer web sites, and professional web sites (Ghosh n. pag.). E-Recruitment strategies gradually occur global-wide. More and more countries are adopting the trend. For example, Irelands recent practice of online recruitment has significant influence to organizations. The Irish employer specifically implemented online recruiting for 4 factors: Cost reduction, increase the efficiency of the process, time efficient, and accessibility to broader pool (Reilly and Barber n. pag.). In order to effectively deliver the precise information to the target market, the communication and information flow play a critical part in online recruitment process. According to research, the since the evolution of internet, there is an overflow of information (Savoy and Salvendy13). The overflow of information lead to 60% of people could not find relevant information (qtd. in Montero et al. 2003). The researchers suggested that the information needs of the consumers should be centred and beneficial to the consumers (Savoy and Salvendy14). In e-Recruiting, both employers and employees expect to find valuable information of each other on the web, so a result, the information that either the employers or the employees upload to the web should be carefully reviewed. Both employer and employee expect to learn from each other. Another study done in UK shows that the regular e-Recruiting tools that employer uses are Websites, Receiving e-mail contains resume and cover letter, and check ing personal sites (Williams and Verhoeven 7). The other factors can also significantly influence the effectiveness of communication. One of them is the website design and its contents (Usunier and Roulin 3). The authors studied the high and low context communication on websites. The different cultures have different preferences to the content. In High Context communication, the information is more sophisticated and complex, while in Low Context communication is simpler and clarify (4). Despite the communication preferences, more and more employers use company website, job boards, and social networking sites to recruit talents. All these tools can reach large candidate pools. Especially social networking sites have bought attention to both employers and jobseekers. A fast growing number of people use social sites to look for jobs such as MySpace or Facebook (Roberts and Clark 35). In the jobseekers view, it is easier to connect people with less pressure since its not face to face. It is great for passive jobseekers. In the employ ers view, it is low cost, shorter recruitment cycle, and it can get well-rounded information of the candidates (Sah n. pag.). Certain social sites such as LinkedIn, have noticed the popularity of e-Recruit. It offers employers to purchase business accounts with add-on features such as job posting section or private messaging tools (Gunderson 3). Some employers, not only use social networking sites as recruitment tool, but also background check the candidates and references. However, because the content in the social sites have less formal authorized sources, the employers have little ability to ensure the information posted on the sites is factual (Roberts and Clark 36). Instead, many employers use outsourced background check function to verify the candidates (36). On the other hand, organizations may use their own website for recruitment. Typically the organizational websites are more formal formatted. The contents of the organizational website are well-written delivering companys information and job information along with tools necessary for applicants such as application process. A well-developed online application process can speed up the hiring process and more responsive to the applicants (Kim and OConnor 2). The effectiveness of e-Recruitment can be varied depends on the size of the organization. A study shown that online recruitment was not as appropriate for small organizations, for blue-collar, lower-level position and very senior positions, online recruitment remain more effective in larger organizations and service sectors because larger organizations potentially have larger vacancies to cope with larger group of candidates (Parry and Tyson 15). The limitation of this study result only valid to corporate web sites, because commercial job boards was not related to industry, sector, or organization size. The effectiveness of online recruitment may also affect by the strategies implemented (15). For organizations, there are some opportunities to increase the effectiveness of online recruiting by adding values to the process; For instance, developing a candidate-attraction process, providing screening and response management for the online recruiting process (Wolfe and Hartle n. pag.). Implementing the appropriate strategies can significantly increase the effectiveness of the e-Recruitment. The advantages and disadvantages of implementing online recruitment can be reflected by the statistical figures. A survey done by iLogos.com reveals that 92% of Fortune 500 companies have a website solely for careers and 96% of recruiters reported job posting on their websites (Borstorff, Marker, and Bennett 13). Majority of organizations use some form of online recruitment simply because the advantages overwhelm the disadvantages. The common findings of advantages among studies are: reduced costs, faster processes, wider accessibility, improve reputation and brand (Barber 9), higher quality of applicants, better match of the position, 24/7 running ability, and reduction of unqualified applicants (Verhoeven and Williams 2). On the other hand, the disadvantages are privacy issues, lack of personal touch, user-unfriendly tools, and discrimination issues (2). To conclude, the literature review fitted in the researchers study because E-recruitment system is a necessity for organization to adopt and implement. Majority of organization have some degree of online recruitment process. It certainly creates competition within the industry. E-recruitment is affected by many internal and external factors, and it certainly changes fast. Organizations have to constantly aware of the changes and develop appropriate strategies in order to truly gain effectiveness of the e-Recruitment process. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter has given the detail methods of obtaining the data and how researchers intend to do it. It hasspecified in detail the research operations and instruments researchers intend to use to address researchers research questions. 3.1 Research Design This section explains the research design chosen for the research. This research is using descriptive research design which describes the characteristics of an existing phenomenon. 3.2 Sampling Frame The sampling frame is the source from which a sample is drawn. It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions. So, for this study the sampling frames used by the researchers are among staff in the Administration Department, Petronas. 3.3 Population The population is the set of people or entities to which findings are to be organized. 3.4 Sampling Technique This section describes the kind of sampling procedures used to select the subject from the population. For this tudy the researchers used the simple random sampling as the method. The researchers use sampling method becaisu it givesthe member of the population an equal and independent chance of being selected to be part of the sample. 3.5 Sample Size The size of the group to be surveyed generally determines the size of the sample. For this research the sample size is 100 staff. 3.6 Unit of Analysis A unit of analysis is the subject to be included in the study. The researchers have chosen randomly 100 staff of Administration Department who is working at the Petronas. 3.7 Data Collection Procedures The researchers have collected the data through primary and secondary data such as journals, textbooks and other references. The questionnaires have been created as a method to collect the data. Most of the questions are close ended and it will make easy to respondents to answer the question. 3.8 Instrument The type of questionnaire that is used in this research is structured questionnaire. The researchers have prepared the questions in several sections which are about the respondents demographic factors such as gender and position, the employment, factors and barriers that lead to the effectiveness of e-recruitment, and the importance of the effectiveness of e-recruitment in the organization. 3.9 Validity of Instrument The instrument used in this research is content validity. The researchers have sought two supervisors or lecturers who are experts in this area of this research to determine that the measurement measurers; that are the questionnaires, are extended to be measured. 3.10 Plans for Data Analysis The researchers have chosen the SPSS technique to analyze the data that were obtained from the questionnaires which have been coded in several categories.

Analysis of Albanias Tax System

Analysis of Albanias Tax System INTRODUCTION Every one can make the question: why do we have taxes?.Practically we can say , that one democratic state can not exist without taxes, even if he does not operate just with taxes.Taxes and taxability are a necessity. The standard of living of a modern society demands it; governments must collect the revenues in order to provide the goods and services that their citizens need, want and demand. The principal sources of Albanian tax legislation are the Constitution, various laws and decrees. The Parliament is the prime taxing authority in Albania, while the Ministry of Finance is the executive branch, responsible for administration of the laws. There is an important difference between tax and taxability in Albania.Taxability is an obligated and irreversible payment in state budget which include administrative charges and penalties for the delays provided by law. They are obligated payments of different contributors used for general public services, in that way state can accomplish his duty. While tax is an obligated contribute to pay from one person who profits directly from public services. They are a type of compensation for special public services accomplished from state in advantage of citizen. Taxes are mostly resource of locale organs entries of state, city halls, communes . Taxes for public services which we pay for has the element of volition, wich can not happen in no case with taxability. In financial point of view the taxes role is little than taxability ,so the role and the importance of taxes in confronting expenses for the public services is more sensible in the local budget than in the national budget. The following project aims to treat with no details the types of taxes and taxability in the Republic of Albania,their importance and influence in the economy.Often the countrys financial authorities have been propagating that tax levels in Albania are among the lowest in the region so in another section we will stick to the comparative analysis of tax burden. We will try to compare it with Macedonia and Greece. This article is structured as follows: First, we will briefly review the types of taxes and taxabilities in Albania. Second we will try to analyse and compare their importances in economy of our country with Macedonia and Greece. Finally, chapter four provides a summary and the conclusions on the issues treated. OVERVIEW ON TAX SYSTEM IN ALBANIA In the following section we will briefly review the classification of taxability and taxes in Albania.1 1 This section is based mainly on a summary of tax system in Albania presented by Financat (2006). 2.1 Taxes 2.1.1 National Taxes National Taxes cover 23% of the income that the state recieves from the taxes system,that is why they are considered very important to the Governments budget.Among the main national taxes,we can mention Road Traffic Tax,Higher Education Tax and Registration fee for Poker Games, Casinos, for sport competitions taking place at the racetrack.Road Traffix Taxes include taxes imposed by the Government for the use of imported vehicles ,also the old ones,for the fuel consumption etc.The universities and other Academies are charged with the collection of Higher Education Tax.These taxes are cashed not later than 30 days from the official date of the beginning of the school year, in any academic year.While the tax on registration of gambling, casinos for sportive races held in hippodromes is payable only once at the beginning of such activities and their registration. 2.1.2 Local Taxes Among the main local taxes,we can mention taxes for the capture of public spaces,taxes on real estate, local taxes on small businesses etc.The taxes on real estate include taxes on buildings, taxes of the lands use and also taxes on the agricultural lands.These taxes are calculated as an annual obligation of taxpayers from January the 1st- December 31st of the following year.If the taxable property is created,alienates or dissapears within this period,the obligation of taxpayers is calculated proportionally with the period of the property rights.To facilitate the implementation of this tax ,the bill, compiled in 20/04/2010 by the Government,where it was put a tax in the measure of 10% of the lands value for all those who have the right to use the states land,but have not yet privatized this land.This bill,more than a policy in the tax system, is used for the privatization of the land in use,because the legalization is a current problem in the country. 2.2 Taxability 2.2.1 Direct taxation It includes direct taxation on bussines and personal income tax: Direct taxation on bussines which is also known as flat tax regime feeds economic growth by promoting the generation of the capital and attracting the foreign investments,thus increasing capacity through investment in the economy,aiming for a more efficient tax administration,provides an increase of the revenue in budget.While on the other hand this regime affects the emphasis on social inequality through the displacement of attention by facilitating fiscal burden on individuals,particularly those with low and medium income,to the ease of the fiscal burden on profitable subjects. Personal income tax is calculated on the income of the individuals.It applies to any income of any form, from any source, realized by any individual tax-object based on the law. Indirect taxation It includes Value added tax (VAT) and Excizes: Value added tax (VAT) is paid for all supplies of taxable goods and services rendered by the payment of a taxable person as part of its economical activity in the territory of the Albanian Republic and for all imports of goods in Albania.The Value added tax in the country, applies at 20 % . Excizes represents taxes with high level rates on the consumption of a certain category of goods. Usually excizes apply to harmful products for health, goods that affect environment pollution and luxury goods.Excise tax in Albania is refundable for this items:propellant oils used by producers of electricity resources with a power of 5 MW or more for each energetic resource;propellant used for agricultural purposes, for industrial and agro-industrial production. COMPARING ALBANIAN TAX SYSTEM WITH OTHER COUNTRIES OF REGION 3.1 Greece Taxation The principal taxes of Helen state are corporate tax, personal income tax,value added tax (VAT),excise duty and property tax.As in Albania the prime taxing authority in Greece is The Parliament , while the executive branch responsible for administration of the laws is the Ministry of Finance.Unfortunately,revenue collected from taxes in Albania based on Gjokutaj(2007) are not yet at the desired level, as the structure and organization of the economy or business in our country is not very favorable. Factors like disuse of the banking system in economic transaction, arbitrariness and bureaucracy lead to the development of corruption, causing a loss in government revenue , that must be gained from taxes and thus bring a reduction of the effectiveness of Tax Administration. Some of these problems are present also in Greece.For example according to Yannopoulos(2003,p 4) during 2002 hundreds of businesses in Greece whose sole activity was to practice or abet some form of taxes fraud .Some did nothing but issue and sell false invoices for imaginary services,which companies could use to keep down their paper profits; others made fraudulent demands for the reimbursement of VAT.While now as we know the crisis that Greece is experiencing ,come as a result of tax evasion by all citizien. As shown by Goro(2010) this caused the increase of budget deficit of Greece, which captures the value of 12.7%. The Greek government has undertaken different policy from the region as increasing taxes to increase its income, this could exceed the crisis in which is included.But these decisions has caused discontent and protest for people and bussines. Referring to Taxrates(2010),minifin (2010) and as shown by Table 2 we can say that in Albania VAT is 20% unless cases when it is specified in this law, while in Greece for all the goods not belong to any special category the VAT is 23%.As we can see it is higher than in Albania.Personal income tax in Greece has the value equal to 15 % and the Corporate tax is equal to 25%, but in our country both of those taxes are knowed as FLAT TAX and the value of this tax is 10%,which is clearly lower than in Greece. According to Taxrates (2010) and to Xhepa(2000) ,Excise duty is roundet to the same value in both countries but in Greece, is expected this tax to be increased, until 10%, for some items(like alcohol,tobaccoetc). Greek exports to EU countries are tariff-free. Imports from non-EU countries are subject to the EUs common customs tariff. Most raw materials enter duty-free, while manufactured goods have rates between 5% and 7%. Textiles, electronics, and some food products have higher rat es. Motor vehicles, yachts, and motorcycles are subject to special duties.While Albania applies customs duty for machinery and equipment and other capital goods at 5%(minimum because there are aother categories of goods, which are raw materials that have tariffs of 10%). Greece does not impose withholding tax on corporate dividends paid to foreign investors. It does impose withholding tax on interest and royalties. The rate of tax may be affected by income tax treaties.In Albania earnings, that economic entity realizes are taxed in the amount of 30 percent. While dividends, interest and other types of earnings pay a withholding tax to the extent 10 % for residents and 15 % for non-residents. Finally according to the analyses above we can say that compared with Albania, Greece really applies higher tax rates than Albania.But both countries have similarities.The structure and organization of the economy or business for the moment is not very favorable in Albania as well as in Greece.It has caused a loss in government revenue , that must be gained from taxes and thus bring a reduction of the effectiveness of Tax Administration,whose consequence is the crisis caused by tax evasion in Greece. 3.2 Macedonia Taxation The most principals taxes applied in Macedonia are flat tax (corporate tax and personal income tax),value added tax (VAT),excise duty and property tax.As we can see taxes in Macedonia are similar with taxes in Albania. Referring to Xhepa (2000 pp 7-9) ,minifin (2010) and as shown by Table 1 we can see that Vat value in Albania is equal to 20% and in Macedonia it is at 18%. So in Albania its noted a higer level of VAT than in Macedonia.About Flat tax in both countries it is noted a trend to put down the level of this tax. Macedonia applies this tax with a value of 12%, and in our country it is applied with a value of 10 %.This value puts our contry in the range of states with the lowest value of this tax in the region. Always according to Xhepa (2000 pp 7-9) and minifin (2010) we can see that Albania applies customs duty for machinery and equipment and other capital goods at 5%(minimum because several categories of goods, which are raw materials have tariffs of 10%).While foreign companies that wish to operate in Macedonia (for a period of at least five years), exempt from customs duties on machinery and equipment (capital goods) imported, which are part of the investment.(Level of custom duties ran ges from 0 percent to 60 %).So we can reach the conclusion that Albania applies a standard rate ,while in Macedonia even though facilities the custom duty rate is higher than in Albania.In Albania earnings, that economic entity realizes are taxed in the amount of 30 percent. While dividends, interest and other types of earnings pay a withholding tax to the extent 10 % for residents and 15 % for non-residents.In Macedonia this tax is applied to the extent of 23 %. While referring to Xhepa(2000) labor costs rise by about 42 percent for payments made on social security and health,while in Macedonia it is a total of 30%. At the end of these comparisons, we can reach the conclusions that there are taxes in which Albania applies lower rates than Macedonia as well as there are taxes wich are at a higher rate.But what is important to emphasize is that both countries follow the policy of low level taxes to attract investitors from other countries and to protect the bussines. CONCLUSIONS At the end of this analysis we can draw the following conclusions: First,revenue collected from taxes in Albania are not yet at the desired level, as the structure and organization of the economy or business in our country is not very favorable,but Greece is also facing the same problems that even lead to the crises that it is experiencing recently,which Albania succesfully went through some years ago.While compared with Macedonia we can conclude that both countries follow the policy of low level taxes to attract investitors from other countries and to protect the bussines. Another conclusion that we reached at the end of this paper is that Albania,as well as Macedonia and Greece apply the same principal taxes,but the difference is that they have different tax rates.For the same taxes ,Greece applies higher tax rates than Albania,while comparing with Macedonia there are taxes in which Albania applies lower rates than Macedonia ,but there are also taxes in our country which are at a higher rate.

Acatalasia :: essays research papers

Acatalasia Several rare electrophoretic variants of red cell catalase were identified by Baur (1963). Nance et al. (1968) also described electrophoretic variants. Data on gene frequencies of allelic variants were tabulated by Roychoudhury and Nei (1988). Wieacker et al. (1980) assigned a gene for catalase to 11p by study of man-mouse cell hybrid clones. In the hybrid cells, detection of human catalase was precluded by the complexity of the electrophoretic patterns resulting from interference by a catalase-modifying enzyme activity. Therefore, a specific antihuman antibody was used in conjunction with electrophoresis. In mouse, catalase is not syntenic to the beta-globin cluster or to LDH-A. Junien et al. (1980) investigated catalase gene dosage effects in a case of 11p13 deletion, a case of trisomy of all of 11p except 11p13, and a case of trisomy 11p13. The results were consistent with assignment of the catalase locus to 11p13 and its linkage with the WAGR complex (194070). Assay of catalase activity should be useful in identifying those cases of presumed new mutation aniridia that have a risk of Wilms tumor or gonadoblastoma, even in the absence of visible chromosomal deletion. In karyotypically normal patients with aniridia, Wilms tumor, or the combination of the two, Ferrell and Riccardi (1981) found normal catalase levels. Niikawa et al. (1982) confirmed the close linkage of catalase to the gene of the WAGR complex by demonstrating low levels of catalase activity in the erythrocytes of 2 unrelated patients with the WAGR syndrome and small deletions in 11p. From the study of dosage in 2 unrelated patients with an interstitial deletion involving 11p13, Narahara et al. (1984) concluded that both the catalase locus and the WAGR locus are situated in the chromosome segment 11p1306-p1305, with catalase distal to WAGR. Boyd et al. (1986) described a catalase RFLP with 2 different enzymes and used these polymorphisms to exclude deletion of the catalase gene in patients with sporadic aniridia, including one who was known to have a deletion and another suspected of having a deletion. Mannens et al. (1987) found deletion of the catalase locus in 6 of 9 patients with aniridia (AN2; 106210). One of these catalase-defic ient aniridia patients had a normal karyotype. No catalase deletion could be demonstrated in 7 Wilms tumors. By classic linkage studies using RFLPs of the several genes as markers, Kittur et al. (1985) derived the following sequence of loci: cen-CAT--16 cM-CALC--8 cM-PTH-pter, with the interval between CAT and PTH estimated at 26 cM.

Identifying Areas of Weakness in Thorntons :: Business Management, Case Study

In Thornton’s, there are areas of weakness that need to be reconciled in training and development, nothing is perfect is in business, but Thornton’s must strive to try and establish the weaknesses in their methods and develop new and more effective plans and systems for the way they function. An example of this would be that some employees use the company for qualifications such as in the Administration department, training is used or use of I.T and qualifications are given out when staff complete training or in the manufacturing department where training is given in Health and Safety and packaging skills are trained. Employees may stay in the company until they are trained in whatever qualification and skills they need and then could leave the company, deserting the workforce and causing the company to loose money on recruiting and selecting new employees and then more costs on the training and developing of these new staff. A suggestion to improve this weakness is to wait for employees to be at the company for a certain period of time before training them up, although this may be difficult at the start of the process as the business needs employees with the correct skills, in the long run this could be an advantage as once employees are trained, the company will probably retain them as if they have been at the company for a certain period of time, they will probably stick to it resulting in the retention of staff. To compensate for poorly trained staff at the beginning of the process. Agencies could be used to employ temporary staff, although this would be expensive, it would result in being cheaper than employees leaving and costs on recruiting and training new employees. Another suggestion to this situation would be only using in house training and promotion as if staff have worked at the company for a certain period of time, they will probably be staying at the company in the long run, this could also help with staff motivation and incentives for staff to work hard if they see a promotion in their midst. Another area of weakness in Thortons is that the business only trains staff in one particular part of their job, not all the skills that are needed in all of the departments. Although this would probably be costly and would take time it would be effective as if staff were absent, it would be easier for their jobs to be covered by other staff, as they would be qualified in all aspects of the business.

What is Plagiarism Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction Because students often are confused about what is and is not plagiarism, I have prepared this handout to help you understand what is acceptable. There are some gray areas and if you have any questions, ask your instructor. Plagiarism is very serious and it can be grounds for failure in a course. So ask first. Another important point is that as you progress in your education the standards become higher. As a College student you are expected to have your own ideas. To read information and explain it in your words. If you complete an assignment by copying material, you are not showing that you understand something. Only that you can repeat what the textbook says. This does not show that you understand. Definition Lets start with a definition: Plagiarize 'pla-je-,riz also j - - vb -rized; -riz ·ing vt [plagiary] : to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own : use (a created production) without crediting the source vi: to commit literary theft: present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source - pla ·gia ·riz ·er n FROM: Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary 9th ed, (Springfield, Ma: Merriam 1981, p. 870). What to do Now what does this mean for you? First, it is unacceptable to copy something out of a book, newspaper, journal or any other printed source. The most blatant example of this is to directly copy something word for word. It does not matter if it is only a phrase. If it is not yours, either do not use it or...

Equity and Trust

Cy pres doctrine. Initial failure: General charitable intention. Re Rymer [1895] 1 Ch. 19, Re Harwood [1936] Ch. 285, Re Satterthwaite's W. T. [1966] 1 W. L. R. 277, Re Spence's W. T. [1979] Ch. 483, Re Jenkins' W. T. [1966] Ch. 249. Re Faraker [1912] 2 Ch. 488, Re Finger's W. T. [1972] Ch. 286, Re Koeppler's W. T. [1986] Ch. 423; [1985] 2 All E. R. 869. Re Lysaght [1966] Ch. 191, Re Woodhams [1981] 1 W. L. R. 493, Harris v. Sharp, unreported (noted [1988] Conv 288, but the case has since gone to the C. A. ). Subsequent failure. Re Slevin [1891] 2 Ch. 236, Re King [1923] 1 Ch. 243, Re Moon [1948] 1 All E. R. 300, Re Wright [1954] Ch. 347. But see also North Devon and West Somerset Trusts [1953] 1 W. L. R. 1260. Why not automatically subsequent failure? And why initial failure in Ulverston? Modernisation of charities. Re Weir Hospital [1910] 2 Ch. 124, Re Robinson [1923] 2 Ch. 32, Re Dominion Students' Hall Trust [1947] Ch. 183, Re J. W. Laing Trust [1984] Ch. 143, Oldham B. C. v. A-G [1993] 2 All E. R. 432. Charities Act 1960 ss. 13,14. [1983] Conv. 40 (Wilson). Re Lepton's Charity [1972] Ch. 276, Varsani v. Jesani [1998] 3 All E. R. 273 (CA). Charities Act 1993, ss. 74-75. Michael Sladen: â€Å"Charities Act 1985† [1986] Conv. 78 (noting that the provisions of the 1985 Act were re-enacted with only minor alterations in 1993).

Krokodil: Signing Your Own Death Essay

Krokodil is a drug that is mostly sold in Russia. According to unofficial estimates, Russia is the country with the highest amount of heroin addicts; approximately two million. However, not everyone can afford this drug. Krokodil is a drug more powerful and more destructive than heroin and it is also a lot cheaper. Whereas heroin may cost $150 US and up per use, Krokodil can be obtained for $6-$8 US per injection. So what is Krokodil? It is home made and pretty much anyone can cook it. This drug is pretty much codeine turned into desomorphine by a relatively easy process of cooking. Codeine is narcotic found at any pharmacy. The problem with the desomorphine is that it has to be made by professionals in a special facility or laboratory to be perfectly pure. So these random citizens trying to perform this at home are going to use home products to turn the codeine into desomorphine, which is the cause of why the results after consuming this drug is so destructive. People use gasoline as a solvent, red phosphorus; which we find on average matches, iodine and hydrochloric acid, which is a highly corrosive substance, found naturally in gastric acid, it also balances the pH level of acidity which is why it is used in swimming pool treatment solutions, making it easy to purchase at specialized supermarkets. What does this drug do to you? The corrosive acids will eventually turn the skin greenish with a rough texture, which is why this drug is called Krokodil. The skin around the injection site is the first to gain this appearance and becomes an easy target for gangrene. The skin literally becomes rotten and, in time, it ends up sloughing off, exposing the bone. Victor Ivanov, the head of Russia’s Drug Control Agency, estimates that five percent of drug users in Russia are consuming Krokodil and other equally dangerous home made drugs. Heroin alone kills around 300 thousand people in Russia every year, but Krokodil brings a much faster death. Some of its consumers only inject it when they have no money to buy heroin; however, as soon as they manage to get the money they will stop using the Krokodil. In poorer regions of Russia, though, people are becoming 24/7 Krokodil addicts, which gives them no longer than a year to live, from the moment they first inject this drug. What’s bad about this is that there are actually websites showing how to cook this drug and it’s a growing hidden epidemic. After seeing pictures of what people look like after some doses of Krokodil, I wonder how someone would ever do this to themselves. Having said this, why do people still get themselves into this? What could be so terrible about their lives that they pick the path to self destruction in such a sordid, painful way? krokodil is 3 times more powerful and 10 times cheaper than heroin, and has become an epidemic in Russia. Krokodil has almost the same effects as heroin except heroin does not eat up your skin like krokodil does heroin is not that harmful as krokodil. Kokodril is consumed mainly injecting yourself the substance in your blood stream that’s the cause why it reacts destructively with your body. Many people call kokodril the drug that eats junkies. Many scientists say that this drug is one of the most dangerous drugs in the world. One good thing is that this drug is mainly used only in Russia but not in the united states. Overall if you take krokodil you basically sign your own death.

Monitoring clinical research

Monitoring clinical research has been recommended by several organizations that funds clinical research to the Research Ethics Committee. Through monitoring clinical research the Research Ethics Board is able to ensure that approved standard in theory are applied. It has been suggested that reviews should be done on a yearly regular basis. Reviews should require series of research aspects like consent process, adherence to approved protocols, and data integrity. The sole purpose of monitoring is to educate research staff, quality assurance, and to avoid research misconduct.   The government of Canada is one of the pioneers of this monitoring program. In response to the issues mentioned above, the government research funding bodies issued the Tri Council Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans in 1998. The policy suggests that annual status reports must be submitted to the Board. Also, the review of research projects exceeding the threshold of minimal risk should include: formal review of the informed consent process, establishment of a committee to monitor safety, periodic review of a third party of the documents generated by the study, review of reports of adverse events, review of patients’ charts, and a random audit of the informed consent process. In this study St. Mary’s Hospital Centre was subjected to monitoring. Review of research activity in the hospital is coordinated by the Research Review Office in the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies. The research framework or policies of McGill University in 1994 was the basis for creating hospital research policies. The monitoring policies and activities in the year 1997 are described in this study. Before a new research protocol is approved, investigators are required to describe the characteristics of patients who would be qualified for the protocol. An informal check is also done to determine overlap with patient populations of protocols under way. The Research Ethics Committee specifies the duration of approval which is usually 1 year after the initial approval. The committee will also set other conditions and decides the most suitable type of monitoring by taking into account such factors like the type of protocol and the experience of investigator. By investigator we mean the staff member of St. Mary’s Hospital Centre who is designated by the Research Ethics Committee to be the primary contact person responsible for the protocol. This investigator may be the principal investigator, co-investigator, or local collaborator. Decisions are communicated with the investigator by the monitoring assistant to explain the details of the procedure. Consent form audits are asked routinely for protocols involving written consent. Any consent form must be filed in the patient’s medical record with a brief summary of research interventions and outline of any potential risk including the name and phone number of one investigator. To ensure that documentations are being filed as required, the medical charts of the sample are checked periodically. For research protocols that do not require hospital patients, but for which the Research Ethics Committee has undertaken responsibility, consent forms are reviewed in the investigator’s office. The monitoring assistant validates that the consent form is approved by the Research Ethics Committee and that the signatures and dates for every form is completed and consistent. Then the monitor assistant informs both the committee and the investigators about the results. Interviews with research subject may be asked for protocols with minimal risk. The protocol is reviewed to determine an appropriate time to contact the subjects and the type of question to be asked. A meeting is arranged with the investigator to organize a method of contacting the subject. Subjects that are eligible are selected sequentially from the subject log provided by the investigator. The monitoring assistant contacts the subject and request verbal consent to conduct the interview. The Research Ethics Committee requests from each investigator an appropriate plan to assure and evaluate the quality of protocol data over the duration of data collection. In a survey to evaluate monitoring, an anonymous evaluation was sent to 34 investigators in February 2000. A Likert-type response scale was given which includes 6 statement and comments on aspect of hospital monitoring. From this survey results show that there were several instances in the monitoring of recruitment log in which the same individual have participated in more than one protocols. However the Research Ethics Committee concluded that this did not pose an undue burden on the patient or the caregiver. It was also revealed that the Research Ethics Committee help to negotiate an agreement with the investigators to achieve their enrollment targets, while preventing the same patients for being approached for more than one protocol. This is with respect to the situation here two protocols were approved for two protocols. Results from the consent forms audit reveal that required forms were missing or incomplete for a substantial proportion of 123 hospital charts. A discrepancy between the age and age criteria of the protocol has been found out also to be legitimate due to a change in protocol approved by the funding organization. In this case the investigator did not coordinate this to the Research Ethics Committee. Overall Assessment In this study the subjects such as the hospital patients, the investigators are said to be the independent variable for the results obtained from the protocols would be based on the perceptions given by the hospital patients, and the investigators. The dependent variable would be the problems with regard to clinical monitoring. Factors that were considered to be answered by the hospital patients are said to be the dependent variable. As an assessment statistical parameters for this study were not defined. Sampling of the study is said to be done sequentially and it was based on the recruitment log of the investigator. Interviews of subjects were also done. This method tends to open its doors for the investigator to manipulate his or her data. Moreover the study did not define how many samples should be taken and it did not consider the eligibility of its samples. The stud did not give a clear idea of what kind of protocols were given to the subjects and what are those factors to consider in evaluating monitoring. The problem that this study tries to address in not even clearly defined.   However this paper were able to present the anomalies that happen among the subjects and the investigators during data gathering. Works Cited McCusker, J., Kruszewki, Z., Lacey, B., Schiff B. â€Å"Monitoring Clinical Research: Report of One’s Hospital Experience.† Canadian Medical Association Journal: (1 May 2001). Vol.164 n. 9 pag. 1321.

Why, according to Lee Kuan Yew, are Western democratic systems unsuited to East Asia?

Lee Kuan Yew, prime minister of Singapore between 1959 and 1990, and now Senior Minister of his country, commands much respect and influence in both the East and the West. This respect and influence reaches to the highest echelons of world leaders, to the vast multitude of academics, commentators and development strategists, and to the millions of people who live in East Asia. Regardless of whether or not this esteem is justified and deserved, ti is real, and therefore must be analysed, interpreted, criticised or praised while not forgetting the importance and effect his beliefs and proclamations have had, and will have. Any discussion of world politics, especially in East Asia, cannot ignore the hows, whys and wherefores of the current situation and the influence that current ideas and thought may have on the future. Lee's views have undoubtedly shaped his own country, certainly have influenced other governments in the region, and will definitely bear their markon the short- to mid-term future of East Asian politics. This explains the reasons why this essay solely deals with him. The essay is divided into three main sections. Firstly, I will discuss Lee's ideas and policies, and why he believes in an ‘Asian values' view of the politics of the region. Secondly, I will explore some of the responses that have been made in opposition to his views, and thirdly, I will present some observations and conclusions of my own. These observations will draw on some other problems and inconsistencies with Lee's ideas. Let us turn then to the man and his ideas. The central theme running through any study or discussion of his political ideas and actions is the importance that culture has on shaping the society and its structures. The shared history, traditions, make-up, worldview and social relationships are the key factors that determine how a state should be organised and governed. Thus, if the culture is different between two sets of peoples, then the resulting state structure and government type will also be different. Culture is the driver, the basis of society and the legitimacy used by those in power to decree what is best for their people. This viewpoint is often referred to as the ‘Asian values' system (Ng, 1997, Theodore de Bary, 1999, Hague & Harrop, 2001) and is summed up succinctly by the title of a famous interview with Lee which appeared in a 1994 edition of Foreign Affairs – ‘Culture is Destiny' (Zakiria, 1994). The importance that Lee places on the cultural aspect of a society does not mean that what is right for his country is also right for other countries. Whilst consistently dismissing Western-, and in particular, US-style democratic systems as valid models for Singapore, he does not suggest that the US-style system is neccessarily wrong for the US. It is not my business to tell people what's wrong with their system. It is my business to tell people not to foist their system indiscrimately on societies in which it will not work (Zakiria quoting Lee, 1994, p. 110). This can be seen as a statement recognising the particularity of political systems depending on the society / culture in question. Whilst Lee has been described as being authoritarian, semi-, or soft-authoritarian, he certainly doesn't make claims for the world to be based on an Asian values system. It appears that his position is more concerned about keeping hold of power in Singapore rather than exporting it around the world. The main, fundamental as Lee calls it, cultural reason why Western democratic systems are unsuited to East Asia is the difference between the place and status of the individual in those societies. The fundamental difference between Western concepts of society and government and East Asian concepts†¦ is that Eastern societies believe that the individual exists in the context of his family. He is not pristine and separate. The family is part of the extended family, and the friends and the wider society. The ruler or government does not try to provide for a person what the family best provides (Zakiria quoting Lee, 1994, p. 113). This focus on the moral and virtuous notion of society is stongly linked to Confucianism, so often portrayed as being fundamentally East Asian and always compared with Western systems. Lee's manifestation of this doctrine is used by him to legitimate and promote an East Asian society based on strong hierarchical structures to bring about social and political stability. In the East the main object is to have a well-ordered society so that everybody can have maximum enjoyment of his freedoms. This freedom can only exist in an ordered state and not in a natural state of contention and anarchy (Zakiria quoting Le, 1994, p. 111). These three main features of Lee's take on East Asia's political and social climate – culture, the place in society of the individual, and a well-ordered society – are admittedly affected and influenced by the West over time, and are not seen as developing without the impact of colonial rule and imperialism. †¦ ur Confucianism has been attenuated by 120 years of British rule and education in British and other English-speaking universities (IHT, 2001). But, despite this impact Lee steadfastly denies any further infusion of Western democracy into East Asia, especially Singapore. †¦ this doesn't mean we are going to be like a Western society. The values are different (de Borch, 2001). Lee is not the torch-h older for everyone though. Whilst he receives praise from his counterparts around the world, there are many in the academic and development strategist world that strongly disagree with him. Of course, it is not just a simple case of disagreeing over a matter of opinion, there are many valid and strong arguments against Lee's ideas. From this myriad of arguments, I have identified three main strands of contestation – historical arguments against Lee's ‘Asian values', the theoretical arguments concerning discussions of what democracy should be and how it should be followed in East Asia, and the problems and criticisms of the actually existing governing style of Lee. First then, arguments against Lee taken from history. There are two key aspects to this – the relevance of Confucianism to East Asia today, and evidence of a democratic tradition throughout East Asia's past. Famously, Max Weber theorised about the particular contribution to advanced capitalism of the ‘Protestant ethic'. This, in turn, explained how other cultures, including Confucian cultures, were not suited to advanced capitalism. Clearly this can now be questionned, especially if, as many commentators have said, that East Asia is economically dynamic. If Confucianism explains the economic boom in East Asia today, does it not also explain that region's stagnation for four centuries? Zakiria, 1994, p. 125). Kin Dae Jung, writing in response to the ‘Culture is Destiny' interview, identifies a strong tradition and history of democratic ideals and institutions in East Asia's past. This suggests that an argument could be made for ‘Asian values' actually referring to a much more democratic system than the Confucian-based one that Lee propagates. A thorough anaylsis makes it clear that Asia has a rich heritage of democracy-oriented philosophies and traditions. Asia has already made great strides toward democratisation and possesses the necessary conditions to develop democracy even beyond the level of the West (Jung, 1994, p. 91). The second major criticism of Lee comes from studies of the theoretical nature of democracy and what it means, shuold mean, or can mean to East Asia. The basic premise is that why should democracy only be relevant to particular cultures and why should particular cultures have to follow other political paths? This highlights the argument for democracy's universality. There is nothing special about torturing the Asian way†¦ human rights are human rights (Vatikiotis cited by Hague & Harrop, 2001, p. 29). The rejection of Western-style democracy by East Asian leaders is also seen by some as merely an excuse for not moving beyond ‘soft-authoritarianism' and into democracy. This is strongly tied up with the observation that this is simply the most effective way for leaders such as Lee to rule their countries. The biggest obstacle is not its cultural heritage but the resistance of authoritarian rulers and their apologists (Jung, 1994, p. 194). The third area of opposition to Lee's ideas that can be identified is that of problems with the actually exisitng state and society structures and institutions. For some, just observing Lee's form of rule is enough to reject his notions of what is the correct way to govern. These doubts stem chiefly from the Singapore government's undeniably harsh treatment of the opposition, as evidenced in its most recent elections (Ng, 1997, p. 21) Also, there appears to be two threats to the whole ‘Asian values' theory. Firstly, we have on the one hand Lee purporting to leave the individual's private matters to the individual, whilst on the other it can be observed that his government is actually intruding into the private sphere more than ever (Jung, 1994, p. 90). Secondly, an external threat is apparent from the global spread of modernisation. †¦ as an inevitable consequence of industrialisation, the family-centred East Asian societies are also rapidly moving toward self-centred individualism. Nothing in human history is permanent (Jun, 1994, p. 21). In conclusion it must be said that Lee's position in East Asia, and his reverance amongst Western opinion-formers should not distract us from dissecting and criticising his ideas. It is not good enough to assume that cultural traits should determine, worse still, justify the actions of governments, particularly Lee's. There should be certain aspects to a government and society that are unacceptable no matter what setting. Lee makes much of the need for a ‘well-ordered' society. The heavy-handed way this society is brought about blatantly contradicts Lee's notions of freedom. He talks of East Asians being able to have â€Å"maximum enjoyment of his freedoms† but Lee's notion of what is behaving and what is misbehaving sets a Singaporean's realm of freedom for him. This is certainly not the freedom that John Stuart Mill wrote about. It could be argued that it is better to have a society that is not so ‘well-ordered' but democratic, than it is to live in a society such as one that Lee envisages; faith must be placed with society to check its members' activities rather than have all aspects of life limited by an all-seeing government. Lee's ways may also only be suited to a small state such as Singapore. Even he admits that, within that small population, total control is practically impossible. This for me leads to the heart of the importance placed by Lee on ‘Asian values' and why Western ideas of democracy are unsuited to East Asia. It is very hard to escape the conclusion that the justification of ‘Asian values' is solely a political smokescreen to maintain power. It is even harder to escape this conclusion when the man himself proclaims: So when Americans tell me: you ought to govern in this way, I say thank you very much, I have listened to you very carefully, if I don't think we are ready for that, I have to do it my way (IHT, 2001, my emphasis).