History of Beer Essay

Beer was probably discovered by accident, when some of the nomadic tribes of the Middle East decided to settle down to an agricultural life depending on the cultivation of grain. In times of plenty the excess might have been stored for a possible future period of failure. Due to the damp storage condition the grain might have sprouted and germinated in a desperate bid to salvage the crop they must have made porridge by boiling the sprouted grain with water. This must have released sugar into the liquid resulting in a sweet tasting porridge. This was probably left in open to cool allowing the natural yeast of the atmosphere to settle on the porridge forming alcohol or what was a crude wash. There is evidence that the brewing process was established in Babylon as early as 6000 B.C. The Egyptians improved upon this process, which was diffused along the trade routes by the Greeks & the Romans. The Romans started brewing on a commercial basis to provide a substitute to wine. The term bear today covers all beer drinks such as ales, lagers & stout. Beer gets it’s name from Anglo Saxon Word called â€Å"Beer† meaning â€Å"BARLEY†. Beer is the national alconolic beverage of Great Britain. Although the basic traditional method of brewing beer is still being used now the whole production process is controlled by the programme equipment so that each phase is carried out at the exact time required and can be corrected if necessary. By this centralised control, consistency of the brew from batch to batch is better.

Man Made Disaster Essay

Free and compulsory education to all children up to the age fourteen is constitutional commitment in India. The Parliament of India has recently passed Right to Education Act through which education has become fundamental right of all children of age group 6-14 year. The site – Education for All (EFA) in India presents up-to-date information regarding activities initiated in the field ofelementary education in India. It presents National Policy on Education (1986,NPE) & its Programme of Action (POA, 1994) as well as goals and objectives of Education for All in India. A separate section is devoted on to District Primary Education Programme(DPEP) in terms of its framework, planning methodology adopted in developing District Primary Education Plans. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), launched in 2001is the most recent initiatives of the Government of India, which presents its guidelines, planning methodology, data on elementary education created under District Information System for Education(DISE), list of districts covered, addresses of state implementation societies and outcome of the research studies conducted on schoolattendance, teachers absenteeism, out-of-school children, mid-day meal and many other aspects of elementary education in India. The site has got separate channel for Educational Management Information System (EMIS) and presents school, district and state report cards as well as elementary education in rural and urban India and DISE Flash Statistics and analysis of data in the form of Elementary Education in India: Progress towards UEE, Analytical Report for 2006-07 and previous years. In addition, district-specific information on key variables concerning all the aspects of universal elementary education (UEE) is also presented. The site presents recent activities towards Rastriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) which is the most recent initiative of Government of India to achieve the goal of universalisation of secondary education (USE). It has got separate channel for educational statistics and presents Selected Educational Statistics brought out by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) for different years. In addition, the site also presents state and district-wise population(male, female & total, sex ratio, child sex ratio (o-6 year), density of population, population by religions, workers and non-workers and other such variables) and literacy rates (male, female & total, rural and urban areas and scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) based on 2001 Census. It also presents book reviews, educational links, UNESCO-UIS software for educational planners and many important documents such as common school system, modules on district educational planning and projections and forecasting of population, enrolment and teachers all which are important for those interested in educational planning and administration. It has got a separate channel on educational planning covering training at district (DIET), block, cluster and national level.

The Conception of Substance Dualism

The Conception of Substance Dualism Rene Descartes, a 17th century French philosopher, created the idea of Substance dualism. Descartes states that the mind and the body are two separate entities that possess different characteristics. The mind, a theoretical substance, cannot be viewed in space as a material substance using tradition measuments such as height or weight. Because of this, only the physical body can be extended, not the mind, separating the two into the theory of substance dualism. Throughout the many Meditations, multiple concepts are introduced in order to prove this seemingly complex notion.A principle that Descartes often employed and of great interest to me is that nothing can come from nothing and provides an excellent basis for the many ideas surrounding substance dualism. Descartes concluded that because no perfect idea can be created by something imperfect, the idea that an indefinitely perfect God exists must have been place in us by a perfect God. Descartes uses very complex and convincing arguments to prove the existence of God and the separation of mind and body. Cartesian theory essentially proves each sub-idea until the main idea is reached.By using a step-by-step methodology for proving God’s existence and substance dualism, it is very difficult to find a flaw in his theories. Because nonexistence is an imperfection, God must exist because he has placed a perfect thought of him into us. This is Descartes first reasoning as to why God exists. Next Descartes says that because deception is an imperfection, God cannot be a deceiver, loosely disproving doubt of objects and surroundings. Descartes reasoning for separating mind and body is as follows.He states that because I have a clear and distinct conception of myself as a thinking thing without extension, the mind cannot exist in space. Because he also recognizes the body however as having extension, It cannot be a res-cogitans. Despite his methodology, it is difficult to agre e with Descartes on his theory of substance dualism. He connects each idea in a logical way, but the main picture seems too irrational. If the mind and the body are separate as he states using the theory of doubt, what is the agent of movement and extendibility for the body?If the mind is not extendible, it seemingly cannot control the function of a body. Descartes states later on that the mind connects to the body through the Pineal gland. Most Cartesian theorists, refuse to accept this theory because it contradicts Descartes original theory of substance dualism. A non-extendable object cannot connect to an extendable one because Descartes argues that the mind is immeasurable in space. In addition, Descartes has no grounds to question the existence of his own body. According to him, Gods very existence proves his perfection.A perfect God is incapable of deception meaning that all objects on earth exist, including our bodies. In conclusion, Descartes does an admirable job in creatin g a logical format that shows how God can exist. Furthermore, his belief that the mind and body are separate entities based on extension and thought makes sense until he questions the existence of our bodies. In doing this, Descartes is contradicting his original theory about deception and raises new questions. Descartes makes good arguments but is missing key concepts that cause his theory to ultimately fail.

Queen Elizabeth I Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Queen Elizabeth I - Research Paper Example But not many people really know that much about her, regardless of how recognizable she might be. However, Queen Elizabeth I was much more than a just a leader and inspiration, as well as, patron of the fine arts. She was, also, in many ways, a woman well ahead of her time. She defied, both, the expectations of her â€Å"weaker† genders’ ability to lead and the societal and biological conventions expected of her gender. History King Henry VIII is remembered as the British King who grew quite round and had a rather large number of wives; several of whom he had executed. Henry’s first wife, a devout Catholic, gave him his eldest child, Mary. He had this marriage annulled, which ended, both, his married relationship but, also, the relationship of England with the Catholic Church. His second marriage, to Anne Boleyn, produced his second daughter, Elizabeth, born on September 7, 1533. Anne Boleyn, sadly, was beheaded on her husband’s order for the crime of adul tery, when Elizabeth was only two years old. In a solely political move, Henry had both of his daughters legally eliminated from consideration as his heirs; he did this, most likely, to make room for a male heir. It was Henry’s wife, Jane Seymour, who finally produced him his only male heir, Edward, in 1537. Edward would take the throne with his father’s death in 1547, however, he ruled for only 6 years before his own young life ended in 1553. Edward had named, his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, to be his heir. Mary, whose legitimacy to take the throne had been reinstated, disagreed with her half brother’s choice. She, ultimately, took the throne, from Lady Jane Gray, within nine days of her taking power. Mary became Queen; her primary agenda became to stamp out the Protestantism, which her father had promoted during his reign, and reinstate Catholicism as the national religion of England. (Wilde) Until this point, Elizabeth’s life was rather typical of any Prot estant child of English nobility. She received a good education; she excelled in the areas of music and languages. When Mary took the throne, Elizabeth has supported her half-sister’s decision. However, Protestant plots against Mary, encouraging the placement of Elizabeth on the throne, resulted in Elizabeth being, technically, arrested. She was released quickly, having had no involvement in any such plots. However, It has been thought that Mary remained suspicious of Elizabeth until her death in 1558.(Wilde) Elizabeth’s life changed rapidly as she became Queen Elizabeth I, sovereign of England and Ireland; the beginning of what would be a, nearly, 45 year rule.(Prichard 618) Discussion Thrust into the crown, Elizabeth immediately inherited all of Mary’s problems as she took the throne. The two most paramount concerns were the religious division of England and the current war with France. In one of her first actions as Queen was to put an end to the religious tu rmoil; during her time as Queen, Mary, had burned Protestant churches and executed 300 Protestants as heretics. Elizabeth quickly passed the â€Å"Act of Supremacy,† which reestablished the Church of England and the â€Å"Act of Uniformity,† which established the formatting of a universal prayer book.(Wilde) She ended the war with France and imprisoned, her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, for conspiracy against her and attempts upon her life. Mary, Queen of Scotland, also, had a blood connection to the throne and supporters that

Right to representation at domestic tribunal - common law and ECHR art Essay

Right to representation at domestic tribunal - common law and ECHR art 6 - Essay Example Under Article 6 of the ECHR, all have the right to a fair and public trial in cases that are both civil and criminal in nature, â€Å"within reasonable amount of time†, and â€Å"by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law†. Moreover, for those who are charged with the commission of a crime, Article 6 contains a provision for a defendant to choose legal counsel or to have one given to the defendant for free if defendant is unable to provide the financial means to procure his own counsel, and â€Å"when the interests of justice so require†. The defense can also be undertaken by the defendant on his own capacity and in his own person 1 That said, Article 6 does not contain an express provision for the right to representation for civil cases. 2 On the other hand, there are cases where the European Court of Human Rights has ruled that in some cases, as when the litigation involves complexities that the defendant is unable to understand completely to t he point of being able to ably defend himself or herself and no representation was given to the defendant, that act of not providing representation is deemed to have been a violation of Article 6. . The findings of the court with regard to the proper interpretation of Article 6 of the ECHR is that legal aid must be given even in civil cases, where â€Å"legal representation is compulsory†, as when the case is complex or the nature of the case itself demands legal representation, or when the defendant has limited abilities to undertake his or her own defense. 3 Moreover, with regard to the coverage of the right to a fair trial, Article 6 expressly includes determining the rights and obligations of people from a civil point of view as within the coverage of the Article, so that areas such as the rights related to property, right to undertake commercial acts, and others are deemed to be included within the scope of the Article. 4The rest of the paper continues this evaluation of the extent of the right to legal counsel in tribunals, taking off from this Introduction and the discussion on Article 6 of the ECHR to consider the common law basis, extent and boundaries of legal representation in domestic tribunals as reflected in common law. 5 II. Discussion In Regina v. Home Secretary, ex parte Tarrant and others, 1985 there is common law precedent with regard to considering the merits of a case relating to the right to counsel for a person already in prison, but was to face possible disciplinary sanction within the prison system. That proceeding to determine whether sanctions were to be meted to the prisoner for disciplinary reasons tackled the reasons for a prisoner in such circumstances being provided the proper access to legal counsel/representation. Those considerations were the gravity of the charge as well as the gravity of the potential sanctions or penalties; whether legal points were to surface and the likelihood of that surfacing; the prisonerâ€⠄¢s own capacity for self-representation; difficulties relating to procedure and how well the prisoner is to handle that; the mandate that the charge had to be determined with reasonable swiftness; and the mandate for fairness to rule the relationship between those who are imprisoned and the staff in charge of overseeing them. The case demonstrates common law bases for determining the conditions wherein the right to counsel is acknowledged, where the prisoner in question is to face a tribunal within the prison system. 6 Elsewhere we see that the right to representation is essential to a man who is untrained in the ways of the law and of the proceedings to which he may be

Group Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Project - Assignment Example In addition, it tells when and where to say certain things, to use certain words and when to discuss certain topics. Thus cultural norms are important for creating the impression and picture of the group. They govern the general behaviour of members of the group. Employers may also develop a code of conduct to be adhered to by the employees. Such rules are referred to as work norms often followed at the Different organizations have different work norms. These work norms include signing of time sheets by employees at the arrival time. Some organizations require workers to hold prayer meetings before beginning to work. However, most organizations conform to a particular dressing code which restricts workers on what to put on and what not to wear. Another type of norms that can be adopted by a group is prescriptive norms. These are unwritten rules that indicate what should be done. For example expressing gratitude after a receiving a present is considered as a prescriptive norm. A study group may also consider question session before beginning revision as a prescriptive norm. A prayer session before a match for a team is also a prescriptive norm. Proscriptive norm on the other hand comprises of unwritten rules that one should not do. A group may have its own proscriptive norms. Blaming each other for football players due to a loss can be an example of proscriptive norm. Similarly, abusing each other among members of a bible study group can be another example. Norms are generally good for the group. A dressing code among workers is good because it brings uniformity to certain workers such as medical workers. This helps in easy identification and to prevent impersonification. Calling of names and blaming each other among players may bring disharmony in the team. Similarly insulting each other may lead to the breaking up of a bible study group. Norms generally are good since they help a group to achieve their set objectives. Once in a certain

2)Debate the importance of Mahalia Jackson to The Movement. Do so with Essay

2)Debate the importance of Mahalia Jackson to The Movement. Do so with reference to a theoretical framework - Essay Example Being the first gospel superstar, up to date, many listeners still love her songs defining the symbol of transcendent power in her music (Darryl 2005, pp.129). With her gift of singularly and expressive contralto, she continues to inspire other generations of vocalists after her. In her music, she inculcated gospel with sensuality and freedom that had not been experienced before. She did that by introducing some blues elements into her music making her be among the first spiritual performers to do so. At the age of 16, like many Americans with an African background living in the south, she participated in the great migration to C she to Chicago, Illinois for better opportunities, Where she was invited in various places to perform her songs. Ever developing her spirit through church and its music, Jackson made the oath use her inimitable voice for spiritual song- a promise she kept. For instance, after her first service, she was invited join choir of the Greater Salem Church. She then began touring some of the city churches and the surrounding areas with one of the professional gospel groups, Johnson gospel singers (Colin 2005,pp 2107). Jackson was also given musical advice by Thomas A. Dorsey in 1929, viewed as the Father of Gospel Music, who also went further ahead and formed an association with her. According to Darryl, (2005) p. 132, some of her songs became her signature songs. Those included; ‘Take my Hand’ and ‘Precious Lord. In the mid 30s, Jackson met Evelyn Gay, a pianist, who accompanied her in her solo career. This was after the Johnson Brothers group members separated (Colin 2005, pp.2118). Later in 1937, she did her first recordings albums for Decca. At this period of time, her singing reputation grew throughout the Midwest. With her Decca song ‘Gods Gonna Separate the Wheat from the Tares’ which sold, she was prompted a lengthy studio break. Since her career

Cultural context on mobility, networks, consumer urbanism Essay

Cultural context on mobility, networks, consumer urbanism - Essay Example The fundamental concepts and ideas will be used to explain how the consumption systems of space relates to tourism. Literature Review Consumption relates to the use of natural resources and this is seen in relation to renewable and non-renewable resources (Armstrong, 2012 p328). This means that consumption relates to benefiting from a given resource either in the notional or tangible manner. In this case, 'space' can be seen as a 'consumable' resource that can be put to various uses which can bring varying degrees of satisfaction. De Carteau (1984) attempted to define the concept of 'space' in relation to the concept of 'place' in the quest to describe this abstract concept. In the bid, he stated that: â€Å"a place (lieu) is the order (of whatever kind) in accordance with which the elements are distributed in relationships of coexistence† (p117). This means that a place is defined in relation to the positions and other related things that are located close to a given area. On the other hand, he states that â€Å"a space exists when one takes into consideration the vectors of direction, velocity and time variables... in short space is a practical place† (De Carteau 1984 p117). This means that a space is a defined premises or unit within a given area that has certain laid down features that defines it (Williams, 2009). â€Å"Consumption of space relates to the relationship between the built environment and the organisation of space† (Kent, 1993 p1). The relationship between the built environment in a given area defines the consumption of space in the field of architecture. This is because the work of the architect is chiefly in relation to how the environment is ordered and how a given space is utilised to enhance human interaction and the interaction of the various members of the national environment. The legendary architect, Thackara defined 'space' from three main facades (1997): architectural space, operating environment and telematic sp ace. Architectural space relates to the familiar concepts of dimensions, divisions and the design of structures to that are built on a given piece of land. Operating environment involves a given area where the core activities of the builder is carried out. In the case of Thackara's journal, the main area under discussion was an airport. Thus, the operating environment was the area where aviation activities were carried out. The third component, which is telematic space relates to the area of a given space where electronic communication systems and structures were situated. This gave room for the users of the 'space' to undertake communication through modern gadgets and telecommunication systems like Internet, radars and other things. In Robinson's descriptions, put forward by Kieller (1999), space consumption was seen to be varied in relation to its economics. In his descriptions, Robinson indicated that the dynamics of the use of space relates to changes in economic conditions and demand influenced by the economic gains which are attached to the satisfaction attained. Using the Port Statistics as a yardstick, the fictional Robinson indicated that port traffic in one of Britain's major ports had changed steadly since 1965. This was accelerated rapidly in the 1970s when the North Sea oil was first exploited and imports fluctuated. Due to this, the space of the part had to be varied over and over again to ensure that the changes in the land

Branding Strategy- Nike Inc.U.K Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Branding Strategy- Nike Inc.U.K - Essay Example The positioning strategy of Nike is; to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. This is supplemented by Nike's definition of an athlete as anyone who has a body. Nike’s brand is perceived as a high performance brand in the world. Since its inception, Nike has always listened to its customer’s needs (athletes) and designs its products in such a way that athletes can give their best. Nike has tried to create an image of â€Å"innovative product† in the minds of its consumers and earned the reputation of highest quality provider in the sportswear industry of U.K. From the simple Marathon shoes in 1964, to introducing the cushioning technology in running shoes in 70s, to the introduction of air technology and high alpha line products are all the marvelous innovations of Nike. Nike has made its brand image in the market place by associating its product with high achievers of sports in the European Market. Nike has signed Golf player Tiger Woods , Tennis player Rafael Nadal, European Soccer Players Eric Cantona and Robert Mandeni, Football Player Michael Jordan in the past. All these players endorsed Nike brand and Nike emerged as a high quality, celebrity preferred brand in the marketplace. Further, in 2006, Nike collaborated with Apple which indeed was a clever step to take Nike to the heights of Glory.

Identity Theft and Facebook Essay Example for Free

Identity Theft and Facebook Essay Bullying amp; Suicide 3F Social networking is the main source teenagers turn to when they want to bully other people. Harsh statements and name calling are what is said to make the victim feel lonesome and pathetic. Bullying can quickly turn into cutting yourself or even committing suicide. That’s what happened to Holly Grogan who was tormented in school who felt her last resort was to just make it all stop by killing herself. (McWilliams, Geraldine, 2009, para. 1) Cyberstalkers 5D Real-world stalkers are known to know their victims personally. The Huffington Post reports that victims said their cyberstalkers were either acquaintances or complete strangers with few or unclear motives for harassment. Only 4% reported being stalked by a former partner, compared with victims of face-to-face stalking, where around half are former partners. (April, 11, 2011, para. 5) Obsessed with Facebook 4C As of 2011, there are 500,000,000 active Facebook users, which is approximately 1 in every 13 people on Earth. 48% of 18-34 year olds check Facebook as soon as they wake up. A record-breaking 750 million photos were uploaded on the site on New Year’s weekend. 57% more people talk online rather than in real life. (Think Marketing and Communications, 2011, para. 4) Obesity 8H More and more children are becoming comfortable facing their computer every day. They don’t go outside to play and socialize with other kids face-to-face as much. Kids are getting addicted to computer online games, chats, and social networking. The result is less body activity, a reduction in quality of life, and serious health risks. Getting hooked to the computer tends to make a person lazy to move and socialize. It is best to prevent them early in their life with more time exercising and less computer time. (TechXplore Inc. , 2011, para. 2) Nigerian Scammers 7G Nigerian Scammers have always been a problem on the internet. Two years ago, they were impersonating people on Facebook and asking for money. Facebook does have a pretty secure security system, yet imposters are able to receive a person’s information with just the click of a button. 0% of the people scammed are fooled and end up getting their money stolen from who they thought was someone they knew and trusted. (AOL Inc. , January, 26, 2009, para. 1) Murder 6E Murder is one of the most common negative results when using cyberspace. For instance, 41-year-old Edward Richardson of Staffordshire, England, killed his 26-year-old wife, Sarah, for changing her relationship status on Facebook to â€Å"single. † This act enraged Edward which caused him to break down Sarah’s door and stabbed her to death. According to the government, hes been sentenced to life in prison. AOL Inc. , 2009, para. 2) Formspring 9I A relatively new website called â€Å"Formspring. me† is a common innovation of cyber-bullying. This online page allows teenagers to ask open-ended questions about themselves or friends, with the option to ask anonymously. Many comments are rude and sexual, which causes parents to radar what their child is doing. The majority of teenagers set up their account to Tumblr, another social network, and invite hundreds of friends to ask questions without identifying themselves. (Kary, Mary Kate, 2010, para. 1-2)

Observational Cinema And Forms Of Ethnographic Filmmaking Film Studies Essay

Observational Cinema And Forms Of Ethnographic Filmmaking Film Studies Essay There are many film styles which one can adopt to make an ethnographic film and observational cinema is one of them. Observational cinema includes direct and và ©rità © cinema which developed back in the 1960s. David McDougall was the most enthusiastic critical person when it came to observational cinema and also the most skilled person which used this type of ethnographic filmmaking. There are various implications when it comes to new technologies that anthropologists are still struggling with them till today. If it wasnt for the new technologies anthropologists would find it difficult to sync sound enabled documentaries because they really needed to show interactions in informal settings. Since, it never was possible to do so because an anthropologist needed a studio dramatization with fundamental fictionalization. This shows that there was a shift from the public to the private and also from the general to the particular. In the past, the pre-sync sound documentaries depended on a third-person commentary. The comments were used to contextualize the footage, to deliver the message and to elaborate sophisticated arguments captured by the anthropologist filmmaker. Commentary by the filmmakers was becoming to be seen as an unnecessary obstacle. This happened because when the viewers are watching a documentary with the natives speaking in their own native language, the editor has to cut certain comments and the meaning of the scene tend to be lost. Previous ethnographic films tend to combine the voice of the filmmaker with the voice o the film and also that in turn with voices film-as-text and the subjects in the film (McDougall David, 1998, pg5). Observational films are the most acknowledged from authors of ethnographic films, which hold on the traces of filmmaking in a form of documentary. Moreover, McDougall, points out that the know-how of understanding and viewing these types of observational films, is a very passive one which it shows the scene moving before you can notice it. This shows that the filmmakers view is important and challenging which is usually heard only through a voice. The 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s observational cinema, have given a new start for a style that is based on interviews, intercuts with archival or actuality footage. McDougall during an interview in the Film Teaching and the State of Documentary had used the same harmony sound of the new technology which had lead the way for observational cinema, both the early technology and the new technology are different in their character. When it comes to documentaries which are based on interviews, one notices the earlier style of observational filmmaking, which was going to takeover. Usually, in a standard dialogue, people are usually encouraged to say what they want and do, so that they can reflect what they had really experienced after a phenomenon. On the other hand, observational filmmakers, such as ethnographers, focus more on the life o the natives and how they actually live it, more like participatory observation. The person, who is doing the film, has to be sure that the saying or doing are drifting apart together. Somehow, the phenomenologist forgets that one should reflect on the person living his life rather than interpreting it. If certain scene have been staged for the camera, therefore they are not exactly real, may have similarities to those who act in the real self, but the final result wont be real. Observational cinema is more likely to think about the natives to get on with their own life when they are being observed rather than interrupting from their daily life. This type of filmmaking didnt want people to speak about themselves or to narrate their experiences especially when it is in front of the camera. David and Judith MacDougall influenced the ethnographic filmmaking even though through the years from 1970s onwards it continued to develop. Their films such as the African and the Australian films shows are still popular even today. Before this development in filmmaking, ethnographers didnt use subtitles when it comes to their documentaries, but the MacDougalls have introduced the subtitles in the ethnographic filmmaking rather than being talked over from the voice of the anthropologist. Subtitles had an important influence because the use of subtitles showed that the Non-Westerners, had also their intellectual lives, not as the Westerners used to think. As they used to shoot, MacDougalls still tied the natives to their physical and psychological limited perspectives. The aim of the film ethnographer is to capture the details through camera or photography but the fact that people are influenced by the presence of the ethnographer is rather an implication, therefore the ethnographer should have an aesthetic precision (McDougall David, 1998, pg9). There are various observation documentary films which reveal the real life which belong to a certain importance to journalism. This happens because in every society there is a public and political orientation. Now I will be discussing the implications they encountered during their practices with their new techniques in areas where tradition anthropology is enquired. From the start, David and Judith had their own ideas. They wanted to show the outline of every stage of their practice. The MacDougalls also wanted to show the differences they adopted from that of Jean Rouch, who altered the process of ethnographic exploration into a mystical or shamanistic journey, seeks to subvert the very kind of intellectual reasoning (Grimshaw, Ann, 2009 pg 122). Without any uncertainty, David MacDougalls writing reflects the recent cinematic ethnography development which they tackle realities of every day life of a particular society. Ann Grimshaw calls this technique as the metaphysic (Grimshaw, Ann, 2009 pg 122).. The work of David and Judith MacDougall will remain popular for their new way of observing things. Grimshaw tackles an epistemological perspective, where she argues that when someone questions something about knowledge needs to answer the question to its depth. The MacDougalls works such as films and writings are marked by a drive for clarity (Grimshaw, Ann, 2009 pg 122). Various anthropologists have searched for new methods to make documentary filming so that they can study Western societies. All they had to do was that they had to seek for something that renders things in their natural state, so that the film could make it to a larger audience. The method was that the ethnographer places him self as a filmmaker and therefore he views a certain type of ritual. The advantage of this method is that the ethnographers divided their methodological lines and observed while they also found the time to interact with the agency involved. On the other hand, Rouchs followers which are usually English speaking found it difficult to interact with the people of that particular society, unless an interview. Anthropologists by time started to adopt this observational filmmaking approach. The difference between certain other methods and this approach is that other methods tell very little to the audience and everyone can deduct his or her own story from the pictures seen. Films such as observational cinema involve people which they seem to be the owners of the wealth and effort of human experience (McDougall David, 1998, pg129). As a sort of implication the participants was seen as the co-conspirator in the filmmaking for not leaving the filmmaker out from his / her own film. This shows that the filmmaker gives much importance to the natives of the country rather than interrupting him/her self. When an anthropologist starts his or her research first s/he has to interact and then be accepted as part of that group. But when it comes to an anthropologist using the filming method, this builds a wall between the anthropologist and the natives because the anthropologist finds it difficult for him/her to show him / her self with the natives while being filmed unless there is someone else filming. Filmmaking doesnt leave much room for energy because all the energy is drained out with the camera so that the anthropologist can have an excellent result. This may lead for the anthropologist to reduce his or her participation with that society and therefore it is difficult for an anthropologist to recall whatever s/he has captured if not participated. Ethnographers are more likely to study non-Western Societies, which are very delicate to tackle and to study. The weakness of this situation is that since these societies are very weak, the ethnographer when it comes to film making should make him/herself as the recording instrument of history, which the pressure is on the ethnographer to weigh down the efforts to pursue more specific lines of inquiry (McDougall David, 1998, pg130). The situation leads the ethnographer to impersonate. Even though we, as spectators, are viewing people through the finalized film, as if they do not maintain anything on us, it is still up to us to understand whatever they mean by the things or rituals they make. Our situation combines a sense of immediacy with an absolute separation (McDougall David, 1998, pg130). With this observational method, the filmmaker is more likely to understand the meaning through a film or a picture rather than by understanding the meaning of the ritual by involving him / hers elf into the setting. The filmmaker became more of an eye of the audience, frozen into their passivity unable to bridge the separation between themselves and their subject (McDougall David, 1998, pg131). Films rather than tackling the abstract are more enthusiastic to tackle the specific, is deemed to be incompetent of serious intellectual expression. There are more than enough ethnographic films around which contains a doubtful interpretation, with a justification as a conclusion. Finally, Evans Pritchard also made a critique to Malinowski, where he stated that the themes are more than a descriptive synthesis of events. It is not a theoretical integrationthere is consequently no real standard of relevance, since every thing has a time and space relationship in cultural reality to explain everything else and from what ever point one starts on spreads oneself over the same ground (McDougall David, 1998, pg131). What Pritchard wanted to say was that it takes more from a descriptive observation to understand a situation; it takes to involve one self to understand what the meaning behind every situation is.

Advanced Modeling Techniques For Computer Graphics Engineering Essay

Advanced Modeling Techniques For Computer Graphics Engineering Essay In the past thirty years, modeling techniques in computer graphics have evolved significantly as the field has matured and attempted to portray the complexities of nature. Polygonal models, patches, points, and lines are insufficient to represent the complexities of natural objects and intricate man-made objects in a manageable and controllable fashion. Higher-level modeling techniques have been developed to provide an abstraction of the model, encode classes of objects, and allow high-level control and specification of the model. The goal of these advanced modeling techniques is to provide a concise, efficient, flexible, and controllable mechanism for specifying and animating models of complex objects and natural phenomena. Most of these advanced modeling techniques can be considered procedural modeling techniques: code segments or algorithms are used to abstract and encode the details of the model instead of explicitly storing vast numbers of low-level primitives. The use of algori thms unburdens the modeler/animator of low-level control, provides great flexibility, and allows amplification of his efforts through parametric control: a few parameters to the model yield large amounts of geometric details (Smith [1984] called this â€Å"database amplification†). This survey examines several types of procedural techniques, including fractals, grammar-based models, volumetric procedural models, implicit surfaces, and particle systems. Fractals [Peitgen et al. 1992] have a precise mathematical definition, but in computer graphics their definition has been extended to refer generally to models with a large degree of self-similarity: subpieces of the object appear to be scaled down, possibly translated and rotated versions of the original object. Along these lines, Musgrave [Ebert et al. 1994] define a fractal as â€Å"a geometrically complex object, the complexity of which arises through the repetition of form over some range of scale.† Many natural objects exhibit this characteristic, including mountains, coastlines, trees, plants (e.g., cauliflower), water, and clouds. Fractals can generally be classified as deterministic or non-deterministic (also called random fractals), depending on whether they contain randomness. Random fractals have been used extensively in computer graphics to model natural objects, most notably terrain. Most fractal terrain-generation algorithms work through recursive subdivision an d pseudorandom perturbation. An original surface is defined and divided equally into subparts. New vertices are added and pseudorandomly displaced from the original surface, with a displacement magnitude that decreases at each iteration as the frequency increases. Therefore, the first iteration gives the large peaks on the surface, and later subdivisions add small-scale detail. Only the parameters for controlling the random-number generator, the level of subdivision, and the â€Å"roughness† of the surface are needed to define an extremely complex terrain. Recent work in fractals has included the simulation of diffusion-limited aggregation Copyright  © 1996, CRC Press. ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 28, No. 1, March 1996 (DLA) models and the use of multi-fractals [Ebert et al. 1994], which allows different fractal dimensions (degrees of â€Å"roughness†) in the models to simulate natural terrain better. GRAMMAR-BASED MODELS Grammar-based models, primarily Lsystems [Prusinkiewicz and Lindenmayer 1990], also allow natural complexity to be specified with a few parameters. Grammar- based models have been used by many authors, including Lindenmayer, Prusinkiewicz, and Fowler, to produce remarkably realistic models and images of trees, plants, and seashells. These models use formal languages, parallel graph grammars called L-systems, to describe natural structures algorithmically and are closely related to deterministic fractals in their self-similarity, but fail to meet the precise mathematical definition of a fractal.1 An L-system is a formal language where all the rules are applied in parallel to provide a final â€Å"sentence† describing the object. In the L-system, each terminal symbol represents a part of the object or a directional command to be interpreted by a three-dimensional drawing mechanism (turtle graphics). A â€Å"sentence† for a tree would contain words describing each branch, its length, size, and branching angle, when it develops, and its connection in the tree. More complex L-systems, IL-systems, include context- sensitivity, word age information, and probabilistic rule evaluation, which allows each plant to be unique. Recent work in L-systems allows better developmental models, more advanced biologically based growth models, incorporation of more growth parameters, and environmental effects. VOLUMETRIC PROCEDURAL MODELS Another procedural modeling technique, volumetric procedural modeling (also called hypertextures, volume density functions, and fuzzy blobbies), uses algorithms to define and animate threedimensional volumetric objects and natural phenomena [Ebert et al. 1994]. These techniques have been used to model natural phenomena such as fire (Stam and Inakage), gases such as smoke, clouds, and fog (Ebert, Perlin, Sakas, Stam), and water (Ebert, Perlin). The volumetric procedures take as input a point location in space, a time parameter, and parameters that describe the object being modeled, and return the density and color of the object for that location in space. Complex volumetric phenomena can, therefore, be described with a few parameters. Perlin has successfully used this technique to create realistic rock arches, woven fabric, smoke, and fur [Ebert et al. 1994], basing his procedures on a statistical simulation of turbulence and random noise to give natural-looking complexity to the obje cts. Ebert et al. [1994] have used similar functions to model and animate steam, fog, smoke, clouds, and solid marble. These procedural techniques allow the use of simple simulations of natural complexity (noise, turbulence) to speed computation, but also allow the incorporation of physically based parameters, where appropriate and feasible. This flexibility is one of the many advantages of procedural techniques. IMPLICIT SURFACES While previously discussed techniques have been used primarily for modeling the complexities of nature, implicit surfaces [Wyvill et al. 1986; Wyvill and Gascuel 1995] (also called blobby molecules, metaballs, and soft objects) have mainly been used for modeling organic shapes, complex man-made shapes, and â€Å"soft† objects that are difficult to animate and describe using more traditional techniques. Implicit surfaces are a more concise representation than parametric surfaces and provide flexibility in modeling and animating soft objects. Im- 1Some authors consider L-systems to be deterministic fractals. 154 †¢ David S. Ebert ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 28, No. 1, March 1996 plicit surfaces are iso-valued surfaces created from blending primitives (skeletal elements) represented by implicit equations of the form F(x, y, z) 5 0. Each primitive is a procedure that returns a functional value for the field defined by the implicit equation. A key feature of implicit surfaces is the procedural, smooth, often volume-preserving blending of primitives to form quite complex surfaces from simple primitives. Objects are defined as offsets (isosurfaces) from a series of blended skeletal elements (points, lines, polygons, spheres, ellipsoids, and so on). Modeling and animation of implicit surfaces is achieved by controlling the skeletal elements and blending functions, which provide complex models and animations from a few parameters (another example of data amplification). Recent work in implicit surfaces [Wyvill and Gascuel 995] has extended their use to character modeling and animation, human figure modeling, and representing rigid objects through the addition of CSG (constructive solid geometry) operators. PARTICLE SYSTEMS Particle systems differ from the previous four techniques in that their abstraction is in control of the animation and specification of the object. Particle systems do use a large database of geometric primitives to represent natural objects (â€Å"fuzzy objects†), but the animation, location, birth, and death of the particles representing the object are controlled algorithmically. Particle systems are most commonly used to represent natural phenomena such as fire, water, clouds, snow, rain, grass, and trees [Reeves and Blau 1985]. A particle- system object is represented by a large collection (cloud) of very simple geometric particles that change stochastically over time. The procedural aspect and main power of particle systems allow the specification and control of this extremely large cloud of geometric particles with very few parameters. Besides the geometric particles, a particle system has controllable stochastic particleanimation procedures that govern the creation, mov ement, and death of the particles. These animation procedures often include physically based forces to simulate effects such as gravity, vorticity, conservation of momentum, and energy. Particle systems pose special rendering problems because of the large number of primitives, but specialized rendering techniques, including probabilistic rendering algorithms, have been developed to render particle systems [Reeves and Blau 1985]. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Advanced modeling techniques will continue to play an important role in computer graphics. As computers become more powerful, the complexity that can be rendered will increase; however, the ability of humans to specify more geometric complexity (millions of primitives) will not. Therefore, procedural techniques, with their ability to amplify the user’s specification and control, are the only viable alternative. The ability of these techniques to specify and control incredibly realistic and detailed models with a small number of user-specified parameters will evolve. More work will be done to allow high-level control and specification of models in user-understandable terms, while more complex algorithms and improved physically based simulations will be incorporated into these procedures. Finally, automatic generation of the procedural models through artificial evolution techniques, similar to those of Sims [1994], will greatly enhance the capabilities and uses of these advanced modeling techniques.

Searching in Schools Essay examples -- Education Students Search Illeg

Searching in Schools The U.S. Supreme Court and state courts have very gently both bestowed and limited Fourth Amendment rights upon public school students in a series of cases over several decades. Recent cases may indicate that the delicate balance between student rights and school safety procedures is strongly leaning towards the rights of school authorities to actively isolate and reduce perceived causes of school violence. Starting in 1968 and culminating in 1984, the law of the land concerning the status of students compared to school authorities shifted to a more constitutional basis. Prior to that time, student rights in school were defined by the common law doctrine of in loco parentis, which for centuries posited that school officials were given the right, duty, and responsibility to act in the place of a parent. Their right to act included the power to search students for illegal items, or for items merely considered to be prohibited under state or local law or school district policies, withou t the warrant or probable cause conditions mandated for all other citizens under the Fourth Amendment. State laws, as upheld by their state courts, permitted such school action when, for example, student searches were deemed to be in the best educational interests of all the students. Any search based upon the much lower and non-constitutional standard of right problem was found to be in accord with the doctrine of in loco parentis; it was accepted by the courts as necessary and reasonable in light of public necessity to maintain school discipline and order and the longstanding social concept of the parental powers of school authorities. The searching of students produces a sense of security and safety in schools. Student ... ...ice-type school violence prevention strategies. Law-related education is a fresh approach to reducing the causes of school violence early and continually throughout a students education. It is a generic, interdisciplinary direction to education combining particular kinds of content related to rules, laws, and legal systems with active instruction, flexible to any grade level and intended to continue through all grade level. Its aim is strictly to instill non-aggressive social problem-solving abilities, while also helping students become good citizens. Its method is to integrate into all curricula illustrations of common, student-relevant issues in the context of legal rights and responsibilities. Bibliography: Brownfield, Currie, Margid, McKelvey, Norris, Wade. Rights & Privileges Opposing View Points Green haven Press Inc. San Diego, CA 1990

Role of Calculators in Schools :: essays research papers

For adults, math is used in many ways, from configuring sales tax and tips to figuring gas mileage and averages; but for children it sometimes seems as if the only time for math is for homework and tests. The initial purpose for schools in this department is for the students to see and understand the practical uses of it, however it is controversial that the use of teaching with calculators changes this idea. In the short essay Ditch the Calculators, the author Diane Hunsaker insinuates that the overuse of calculators in math class defeats the ultimate goal of education: expanding the mind and increasing students abilities to function as contributing members of society. As society enters the twenty-first century it seems that teaching and learning has an entirely new perspective. It seems as though the new technologies that are introduced in school, computers and calculators, are not producing the same effects that learning without them once had. As a college level student I feel th at, from my own experience, I am an advanced math student because the rules and principles were drilled into my memory and not that of a calculator at a young age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depending on one’s perspective, the use of calculators at the elementary school level is seen as either the solution to or cause of many of the problems affecting math education in this country. It has been known for a long time that early experience is able to shape the brain and behavior. In the stages of learning at a young age, to fully grasp a concept, a child must understand the principles how and why in order to apply any significance or relation to anything. This particularly applies to such a subject as that of math. Diane Hunsaker expresses her view as well in the following quote: â€Å"Math is as much about knowing why the rules work as knowing what the rules are† (668). It seems that Hunsaker is saying that before rules can be applied, there must be a foundation for them. This concept for math, and in general, trains the mind by exercising thinking skills. It is apparent that she agrees by examining her direct statement, â€Å"Math train s the mind.† By this she also goes on to say, that by the ability to exercise these particular thinking skills that students are learning to think logically and rationally. I must say, that having the ability to think logically and rationionally in controlled situations has allowed me to progress outside the classroom.

Financial Development In 1985 Essay

In 1985, the interest rates were lower and more stable than in other years. 1978 experienced lowest short-term interest rates while long-term interest rate declined to a rate that has never been seen since 1980. The real interest rates- nominal rates adjusted for inflation- were also lower in 1985 than other years though going by historical standards, they remained very high. From January to early march, both short-term rates and long-term rates rose moderately by yearly highs. This is partly because of the strong demand for business credit and the ending of a period during which the Federal Reserve eased the pressure on banks on their reserve positions. Interest rate declined by April and June. The factors behind interest rate ________________________________ 5. Douglas A. Irwin & Joseph H. Davis. â€Å"Trade Disruptions and America’s Early Industrialization,† (2003). NBER Working Papers 9944, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. demand for business loans. Another factor that contributed to the second quarter drop in interest rates was because of the cut in the Federal Reserve’s discount rate. After midyear, the short-term rate fluctuated in a narrow range, slightly above June lows. By early December, the U. S. Treasury bill rate was 7. 10 percent. This was about one percent lesser than that of 1984. The long-term interest rate also fluctuated in the third quarter; however, in the late of October, it dropped rapidly. The continued drop in long-term rate was because of the low rate of inflation, the signs that showed that the economy would remain sluggish and that monetary policies would not tighten. Interest rates in 1985 were more stable than the most recent years. The rate of fluctuations for short-term rates was within the range of one and one-half-percentage points in the year compared to the three percent points in 1984 and considerably less than 1980-1984 periods. The long-term rates were also stable in 1985 and the rate of fluctuations was between a narrow range that was less than two percentage points. Nominal rates and interest rates were low in 1985 but going by historical standards, there were high. Growths in Monetary Policy in 1985 The growth in monetary policies in 1985 was moderately higher than that of 1984. M1 grew faster than most recent years while M2 grew fastest than in 1984. The growth rate of M3 in 1985 was less than that of 1984. M1, known as money supply grew at an annual rate of 11. 6 percent for the first 11 months of 1985. This is more than twice the growth in 1984. The resurgence in the growth of demand deposit and a rebound in the growth of 6. Diebold, Francis X & Rudebusch, Glenn D, â€Å"Have Postwar Economic Fluctuations Been Stabilized? ,† September 1992. American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 82(4), pages 993-1005. other checkable deposits caused the rapid growth. After exhibiting little growth on balance in the past five years, demand deposit grew to 8. 0 percent rate in the first 11 months of 1985. There was a sharp declination in M1’s turnover in 1985 just as it grew more rapidly than nominal GNP. M2 grew at an annual rate of 8. 6 percent in the first 11 months of 1985. This was somewhat more than that of 1984. In contrast to the growth of M1’s in 1985, M2’ growth was likened to the growth of 1980-1984 periods. Several other components in M2 grew rapidly in 1985 than in 1984. Savings deposit increased in 1985 after contrasting in 1984. Some of the 1985 growths may have come from the expense of small-time deposits. M3 slowed sharply in contrast to M1 and M2 in 1985. M3 grew at an annual rate off 8. 3 percent for the first 11 months of 1985. This is considerably less than that of any recent years. This slow growth was because of the declined growth in large denomination time deposits. Growth of term repurchase agreement and institution-only markets fund were slowed down in 1985. The growth of domestic non-financial debt also slowed in the first 11 months of 1985, growing at a rate of 12. 8 percent, which moderately low than that of 1984. This nonfinancial debt consists of outstanding debts of all governmental units, household, and nonfinancial businesses.

Photo Manipulation and Our Society Essay

Almost everything we see today from the billboard ads to magazine covers, we see several photographs that are purposefully manipulated to either sell a product or an idea. By seeing these photos we somehow ingrain in our memory the concept being conveyed through them. From perfect cookie cutter models and artists to the overly manipulated advertisements, these things are part of how the society defines their view of the world. The question now is; should photos be manipulated to effectively convey an idea to the society? Photo manipulation is defined as â€Å"the application of image editing techniques to photographs in order to create an illusion or deception (in contrast to mere enhancement or correction), through analog or digital means. † With this, we can say that photo manipulation is a form of art wherein you would drastically change and/or combine several images to create a new one to effectively show your concept as an artist. We could also say that photo manipulation is a technique where you can drastically alter an image to deceive people by creating illusions to promote a product or an idea. There are other definitions of photo manipulation and it mainly covers how much of the original photo was changed to create a new one. When we see smartly conceptualized advertisements we somehow get that image stuck in our memory banks for their beauty and good use of technique. These advertisements work both as a great work of art making it a medium to sell something to the public. It really shows the creativity of the artist/photographer by transforming his pictures into something more powerful and thought evoking. Photo manipulation as a work of art is one of the better sides of photo manipulation for it promotes both your creativity as an artist. These new images have a major effect on society for it may supplement your advocacy and a call for change. Several issues with photo manipulation have risen since it became popular in the 1920s. It has been extensively used for photojournalism. A picture is worth more than a thousand words. What you see affects your perception on what’s real or not, it can mislead from the truth and even make you misinterpret the facts. Because of this the National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) in the USA has set a Code of Ethics which promotes accuracy of published images and over manipulation. We also see extensive photo manipulation in advertisements nowadays. In this current time people usually see advertisements having models with bodies which look like they’ve gone through a cookie cutter because of their perfection. Perfect skin, perfect smile, perfect teeth, perfect eyes. We rarely see the real view where average people can relate themselves to and in turn feel good about it. It is completely understandable that advertising firms are after aesthetics and product imaging but they should do it completely in the bounds of what is natural and normal. In conclusion, photo manipulation is really a helpful technique in expressing one’s thoughts, emotions and ideas. When you manipulate an image you usually add or remove some parts to help make the composition of the photo better and more interesting. Since we all have easy access to photo manipulating software we get to enjoy it by transforming pictures into colorful stories then it turns into a work of art. However, there are times that you get deceived by what you see and you wouldn’t know if what you’re seeing is real or not. This is sometimes the case with some photos being published in the news and advertisements. They do a great job with editing their photos that the public gets swayed with a wrong idea or perception of the truth. Photo manipulating is a skill to learn but use it ethically and responsibly.

Post-Industrialism, Summary

The sense of economic transformation within the western industrial economies had been present since the 1970s. Some say we are entering into a post-industrial era. That is, leaving behind the the world of industrialism and its imagery – the factories, the heavy machinery and overalled men. Others say we are looking at one specific form of industry disappearing – that of mass production, a Fordist manufacture.Neo – or post-Fordist society (as another discourse), is all together a different kind of economy; one which is organized around flexible forms of production, which is becoming important as a means of responding to the greater diversity of consumer demand and fragmented market tastes. To put it simply, it is a change from a ‘mass’ to a ‘pluralistic’ kind of society. Economies are always in a state of change, but they are less often in the midst of a radical shift in the direction of the economy.What characterizes this radical shift i s firstly in its interconnected nature of such changes, what happens in one part of the economy effects upon the rest of the economy. Secondly it implies that a different set of dynamics is driving an economy. For instance, with the rise of post-industrialism, it is claimed that a new kind of dynamic – the generation of knowledge and the control of information, has displaced the dynamics of manufacturing technologies and the making of things. In this article it introduces 4 main theorists and their characterization of this radical shift of the economy. Post-Industrial SocietyThe idea of a post-industrial society first took hold in the US in the 1960s. Daniel Bell clearly outlined the nature of this transition. He adopted a ‘stages’ model of development which identified three phases of economic progress: a pre-industrial – dominated by agriculture, an industrial – manufacturing and a post-industrial, that he suggests we have entered is dominated by s ervices. According to Bell, the general direction of economic change is towards a service economy. He also suggests the concept of ‘axial principles’ which refers to the mechanisms or dynamics that give shape to an economy.In a post-industrial society, knowledge and information is the driving force that stimulate economic growth, it also takes the form of a final product – reams of information. Bell also pointed out the consequences of this new economic dynamic. 1. 1. Shift in the kinds of work that people do. From manual, manufacturing jobs to non-manual work in the service sector, where people no longer work upon things but work with each other to deliver a service. 2. 2. Shift in the occupational structure as manual jobs give way to white-collar and professional occupations. Skills and physical work requiring strength -> ‘think’ work. . 3. The emergence of a new class, the knowledge elites. As knowledge and information are the key sources of a post-industrial society, and they are the ones who control those resources. The intellectual work would be specialized, the new hierarchies of technical elites will be formed alongside the increased professionalization of work and the bureaucratization of ‘think' work. Alain Touraine also discussed about the post-industrialism. Like Bell, he also gave central place to the control of knowledge and information and identified the agents of change, the ones with control of knowledge as a ‘technocracy’.However at this point, they differ in their treatment of social conflict. In Touraine's analysis, there will be a new social divide between technocrats and bureaucrats on one hand, and a range of social groups such as workers, students and consumers on the other hand. This division is because the principal opposition between social group is no longer stem from the ownership and control of private property, but from access to information and its uses. So, the dominant cla ss would have power over the livelihood and lifestyle, not only in the sphere of economic production.Because of this, the social conflict and the social movement in post-industrial society will also be changed to that they are not so related to industry or particular material needs. New types of social movements such as environmental and feminist movements that are beyond the class politics will take form. Whereas Touraine sees post-industrial society as a setting in which the lack of power among certain social groups provides a basis for new lines of social resistance, Bell identifies a contradiction between the economic and the cultural realms of post-industrialism.While there is still a protestant work ethic, the committed, hard working spirit which also focused on economic efficiency, Bell points out that this is now at odds with the desire for a more hedonistic lifestyle, supported by overall material sufficiency, and the new emerging culturally expressive, individualistic life style of the post-modern culture. The Information Society Daniel Bell is again, a key contributor to the debate of information society, saying that this is a recent expression of post-industrial society.He claimed that the information society rested upon a knowledge theory of value. This means that knowledge has replaced productive labour as the source of value that creates future profits. Here, knowledge and its application is the resource, and this is integrated with the adoption of new information technologies which can reshape the ways we consume and produce, as well as where we perform these activities. However for Bell, information is regarded more than a resource but also a commodity which can be bought and sold in the market.This leads to the emergence of information occupations – consisting of professional, technical workers concerned with the production, processing and distribution of information. Manuel Castells also draws his opinion on the information-based socie ty. But he argues that information society is not necessarily matching with post-industrial society which the manufacturing sector is being replaced by the service sector. Rather, he identifies the role of knowledge and use of information as the ‘dynamics’ of the coming society. Knowledge, is both the base of production and the outcome of production.That means knowledge, as a resource and commodity in its own right, is a central means of improving economic performance and intensifies the process of economic innovation. Castells also identified the role of the new technologies enabling multinational companies to operate in new ways. The development of communication technologies, management system and technologies of production gave them opportunities to work in a more ‘footloose’ way. They joined multiple networks with other companies which enabled them to develop products jointly or serve specific markets.What Castells saw here was the concentration of powe r (information) among a knowledge elite in the corporations. Where, on the one hand, automation of low-skilled jobs especially among the workforce in maufacturing was undergoing. In other words, he distinguished a trend towards the polarization and segmentation of the social structure. The Divided Society Andre Gorz defined the change in the structure of employment and the change in the role of work in the post-industrial society. He claimed that there is a social division of secure, well-paid workers and a growing mass of the unemployed.In between them are the new post-industiral working class whom the work is no longer meaningful nor of any identity. In his view, the source of the problem is the emergence of new technologies that brought about automation at the workplace. It left the people with no jobs, creating ‘jobless growth’. If this continues, it would decrease the quality of the remaining working class jobs even more. Work in this sense, is just an instrumental activity for the majority. To earn money but with no satisfaction or content. Here we see a similar picture with that of Castells’s, the segmentation of the workforce.A privileged minority who obtains and controls the information and a casualized and marginalized majority of the working class. Gorz identifies this vision by referring to a society polarized between an emergent ‘servile’ class and a securely employed, professional class. The economic elites can now purchase at low cost the services that they’ve been capable of doing by themselves in the past such as domestic work. So the working class moves in to this service sector to ‘serve’ the economic elites. Their jobs – the new service jobs, lack dignity and are often not even considered as real jobs.And this line of argument by Gorz thus stresses a growing social inequality as a marking feature of post-industrialism. Conclusion ; Summary Despite the different aspects that these w riters each concentrated on, they agree on the fact that post-industrialism signals a number of distinguishing changes. Shift away from industrialism, a shift in the number of manufacturing economies to a service base. The growth of new occupations leading the economy, the white collar, professionals also categorized as knowledge elites. Gorz puts an emphasis here, on the fate of a deskilled working class forced to serve these elites.And the social and economic polarization that is also part of the general direction of the change. Lastly the shift in the types of social movements. From the attention on industrial forms of class politics to something beyond what we call class politics. Such as the green movement. If we refer to the beginning again, we can see it is not just a change, but a radical shift of the economy – the interconnected nature and changes in the dynamics of the economy. In this case, what all 4 writers agree on is that information and knowledge has become th e dynamics, the driving force of our economy.

Bylaws of Natural Health Essay

Section 1: Membership shall consist only of the Director/President, Jason Wilson. ARTICLE III – AMENDMENTS Section 1: These Bylaws may be amended when necessary. ARTICLE VI Restrictions on Actions 1. All the assets and earnings of the Corporation shall be used exclusively for its exempt purposes, including the payment of expenses incidental thereto. No part of any net earnings shall inure to the benefit of any employee of the Corporation or be distributed to its Directors, officers, or any private person. 2. Notwithstanding any other provision of these bylaws, the Corporation will not carry on any activities not permitted by an organization exempt under Section 501(c)(3), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law, or organizations whose contributions which are exempt under Section 170(c)(2), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. The Corporation shall have no capital stock, pay no dividends, distribute no part of its net income or assets to any Directors, Officers, and private property of the subscribers, Directors or Officers shall not be liable for the debts of the Corporation. 3. No substantial part of the Corporation’s activity shall be for the carrying on of a campaign of propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation. The Corporation shall not participate in any political campaign, will not engage in political campaigns or attempt to influence legislation or interfere with any political campaign on behalf or in opposition to any candidate for public office. 4. In particular, but not without limitation of the generality of the foregoing paragraph, during such time as the Corporation may be considered a private foundation as defined by Section 509(a), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law, it shall not: A. Fail to distribute its income for each taxable year at such time and in such manner as not to become subject to the tax on undistributed income imposed by Section 4942, Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. B. Engage in any act of self dealing as defined in Section 4941(d), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. C. Retain any excess business holdings as defined in Section 4943(c), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. D. Make any investment on such manner as to subject it to tax under Section 4944, Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. E. Make any taxable expenditures as defined in Section 4945(d), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. These bylaws were adopted on July 30, 2012. Jason Wilson, President

Libya's progress towards democracy Research Paper

Libya's progress towards democracy - Research Paper Example Idris was a traditional emperor leader who had no concern for any self-governing principles and during his reign, Libya was mostly an impoverished nation with a life financial system; the country only relied on revenues from both the US and British airbases and international aid until 1959 when oil reserves were discovered (â€Å"History of Libya†). Idris was deposed in a bloodless coup that was led by the then 27 year old Muammar al-Gadhafi while away on a visit to Turkey; Gadhafi then immediately became commander-in-chief of the Libyan armed forces and Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council which was the new force governing Libya. Since 1979, Libya was predominantly a military dictatorship with Gadhafi earning a global distinction as one of the world’s most eccentric and unpredictable dictators (History World). Gadhafi’s political philosophy was multifaceted, deriving from Islam, socialism, and Arab nationalism as combined in his personal manifesto, the Green Book. Although the country was renamed as the People’s Socialist Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to mean that it was governance through the masses, it remained a personal rule by a single individual, Muammar al-Gadhafi. This paper will investigate whether Libya has made any recent progress towards democracy, especially after Gadhafi’s regime was brought to an end and whether the country has any history of democratic or liberal institutions. Since Muammar Qaddafi was ousted from power, Libya had been characterized by rough-and-tumble politics; this was attributed to the country’s inexperience given that it had been under a dictatorship regime for over four decades. Critics initially argued that given the lack of a government with a full democratic charge over issues in the country, Libya had very little if any hope of transitioning into a democracy; instead, Libya could only but hope for continued drift due to the lack of a cabinet that could assume sovereign author ity over security, finance and strategic development. However, if the recent trend is anything to go by, then Libya has great potential of transforming into democratic governance after four decades of civilian subjugation under Gadhafi’s Military dictatorship. Libya’s vibrant oil industry, increasing stability, and a strong public stand against violence are strong indicators of the countries commitment towards the establishment of a democratic government and democratic institutions (Thorne). In this respect, Libya has indeed witnessed a commendable progress in the move towards democracy, regardless of the myriad skepticism and the numerous constraints inherent in the country. Nevertheless, after a whooping four decades of a one man’s rule regime in Libya, it is not expected that the country would transform to a democracy in just over a fortnight, especially given the numerous constraints to democracy such as the inexistence of democratic institutions. However, t hough slow-paced, democracy is in the offing; all indicators show that there has been a concerted effort from various stakeholders to help the country transform to a Democracy. The remarkable progress towards democracy in Libya in the recent past has been witnessed especially on the political front after Muammar Gadhafi was ousted from power (â€Å"Libya: Despite everything†). In this respect, the newly elected General National Congress, a prototype parliament that came in place

Communication Technology and Society Term Paper

Communication Technology and Society - Term Paper Example This shows that overall Indonesia does not have an upper hand over technology, other than the communication, that is mobile and internet sectors of technology (Okamoto & Sjoholm, 2001). The paper will analyze the social construction of the country which has allowed it to gain great technological advancement in the communication sector, irrespective of the fact that the overall technology of the country has not been enhanced to the same level. Issues One concern that is been raised in the paper is that the government has taken the right approach towards the technological development in Indonesia. Another matter of concern is the imbalance in communication technology and industrial technology of the country. It also raises the issue that the focus towards communication technology might have diverted the attention of government, policy makers and general people to the same technological advancement in other sectors of the country. Purpose It is defined in the research of Anderson, Carte r, & Lowe (1999) that communication technology is closely related to the social and behavior components and patters of the society. These components are defined as factors in the â€Å"Adoption Model† where there is a room for modification and innovation in the system structure. Anderson, Carter, & Lowe has explained in his report that communication technology is more related to the social structure of the country, whilst industrial technology is more related to the governmental structure and economic outlook. The solidarity of the social structure is thus demonstrated from the communication advancement in the country (Anderson, Carter, & Lowe, 1999) (Daft & Lengel, 1984). The government of Indonesia is well set for starting its 4G communication plan and hardware for... One concern that is been raised in the paper is that the government has taken the right approach towards the technological development in Indonesia. Another matter of concern is the imbalance in communication technology and industrial technology of the country. It also raises the issue that the focus towards communication technology might have diverted the attention of government, policy makers and general people to the same technological advancement in other sectors of the country. The government of Indonesia is well set for starting its 4G communication plan and hardware for implementing the setup has already been established. This paper makes a conclusion that the communication technology swift observed in Indonesia is interdependent on the environment and the social setting of the country. It is not simply the role of companies innovating and advancing these communication services, but also the impact of how these social attitude and behavior which are stimulating the process of technology. Indonesia had initially adopted the communication mediums from other countries. As communication technology served as the source of gratification and satisfaction for people, the government has to associate this perception with other modes of technology as well. Facts from Indonesia demonstrates that social construction and society shift of the country has palsied a significant role in the communication technological up-liftment of the country.

Law of the Sea Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of the Sea - Case Study Example Territorial waters could be defined to be the territorial waters extending up to 12 nautical mi (22 km) beyond a country's coast which grants it solitary fishing and mining rights in waters limited to 200 nautical mi (370 km) from its coast." (Law of the Sea. 2008). Exclusive economic zones need to be seen in the context of its rights and freedom in relation to other State(s). Any area beyond and adjoining its territorial seas under a specific legal administration made up in this Part under which the rights and jurisdiction of the State seen in relation to the rights and privileges of any other state are a subject matter that is regulated through specific provisions of this Convention. Further, the continental shelf comprises the sea bed and lower soil of the subsoil areas that extends beyond its territorial seas through a natural extension of its land territories. It could also be a distance of 200 nautical miles from which the breadth of the territorial seas is measured, in cases where the outer edge of the margin does not extend up to that distance. (Exclusive Economic Zone. ... (Exclusive Economic Zone: Article 55). Further, the continental shelf comprises the sea bed and lower soil of the subsoil areas that extends beyond its territorial seas through a natural extension of its land territories. It could also be a distance of 200 nautical miles from which the breadth of the territorial seas is measured, in cases where the outer edge of the margin does not extend up to that distance. (Exclusive Economic Zone. Article 76). The above aspects are important since, by virtue of declaring an EEZ, coastal states are able to establish exclusive sovereign rights, albeit respecting rights of other States, in a 200 nautical mile jurisdiction,. This could cover fishing, mining, deep-sea exploration for natural resources, protecting deep-sea life, and other economic activities, and the coastal state has exclusive control and jurisdiction over marine resources and environmental issues occurring in its line of control. (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Overview and Full Text. 2008).The main issue that has arisen is that State A has enlisted the powers available to it under Article 73 of the UN Law of the sea Convention which relates to the enforcement of Rules and Regulations promulgated by the coastal state with regard to the protection of rights over exclusive economic zones of the state. Under this Article, it is well within the powers of a Coastal state to take such steps, including arrest, or internal seizure that may be necessary for the protection of its rights and ensure observation of the provisions of this Convention. (Exclusive Economic Zone). However, it has been categorically stated that should arrest take place, the detained vessel and its crew shall also be immediately released upon

Obstetric Hemorrhage Project Report Research Paper

Obstetric Hemorrhage Project Report - Research Paper Example Absolute care is therefore necessary for pregnant mothers during delivery to ensure that in the case of such emergencies appropriate attendance can be given (Flamm, 2003). In the US alone, this occurrence has contributed to several deaths with the Department of Health in Illinois raising alarm over the increased deaths in the related areas. It has therefore been an issue of national interest and should be looked into with much care to reduce the preventable morbidity experienced in the areas. Preventive measure of this condition is thus important in relation to the loss of lives experienced in the hospitals during births. In this regard, a practicum and a simulation was done in this relation to give an account of what is the problem is, this was done in the hospital environment and a report given ultimately (Derrick, 2012). Because of the increased deaths associated with postpartum hemorrhage, this simulation was aimed at identifying areas that needed reinforcement so that it can be ascertained that the hospital system for the care is up to standard. The cause of death has remained speculative and as a rule, there are prerequisites that must be present in the hospital environment to facilitate such cases in the hospital (Davidson, 2009). This simulation was aimed at gauging the preparedness of the hospital in dealing with such emergency cases in the hospital. In most cases, inadequate preparations to some of the emergencies in the hospital environment is also a contributing factor to occurrence of deaths, the simulation program was thus intended to give all round account of the contributing factors in this situation (Arulkumaran, 2012). Several causative agents can lead to the condition occurring in mothers at delivery period. Some of the much known cause of the condition are; the retention of the placenta in the womb of the mother during after birth, trauma, uterine atony, and coagulopathy, this is commonly known as the four Ts (Lynch, 2006). The

Take Home Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Take Home Final Exam - Essay Example This time it’s the Eastern Ukraine that has become center of attention. Each of the region aims at establishing a pro government which would serve its strategic purposes. The recent event of Crimea Crisis has brought the two nations to a strangulating view point in the diplomatic and political activities. As a result the allies on each side have been brought into action as well as subsequently the United Nations Security Council as well. After the formal annexation and troops march in, the Russians have declared it a Crimean Federal District. Although this move has not been approved by the United Nations. The Crimean Peninsula is important on multiple accounts. One of the factors is its multi dimensional and multi ethnic population segmentation, the other factor that has caused the stir and attention is its affiliation and geographical capacity with the Black Sea which has since centuries served as the pivot towards the Russian interests in the region (Pavliï ¸  uï ¸ ¡k and Klympush-Tsintsadze, 68). Surveys conducted in this pursuit to determine the pulse of the people, it was revealed that over 40 percent of the Ukraine population desires becoming part of the E.U, while a meager 14 percent of the population wanted to get enrolled into a pro Russian economic union entity. United States of America cannot allow re occurrence of the Cold War expansionist policy of Russia through the influence establishment in the smaller states of the region. It at the same time does not want the natural resources to fall under the Russian influence as a result it badly wants Ukraine to be enrolled in the European Union. In bid to protect the central part of Ukraine from falling into the shade and influence of Russia, United States of America has released a fund and assistance of one billion dollars on immediate grounds (JOACHIM and WEISMAN). This has been done so to provide assistance to the already frail economy of

Things That Garbage Can Reveal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Things That Garbage Can Reveal - Essay Example The garbage from the trash bin depicts variety and the corresponding quantity of materials in regard to distinct socioeconomic discrepancy amidst the underlying activities and prevailing eating habits of every property(Pellow, 34-156).Cheap and widely available foods such as grains, fruits, nuts, local fish, chicken eggs and corresponding lentils depict relatively lower socioeconomic class since they are of minimal cost. Conversely, expensive meat and corresponding remains of salted fish depict the high socioeconomic class of household. Moreover, the waste from the neighboring drains that turned up less of a diversity of foods depicted immersed socioeconomic discrepancy amidst neighbors. Garbage also reveals the economic status of the household in regard to the quantity packages they buy that is relatively lower income families purchase products in smaller packages whilst corresponding upper-income families purchase massive economy-size substances. A larger packet of pizza, sausages, burger, crisps, ice cream and soft drinks reveals that the underlying family had relatively higher income(Pellow, 34-156). Larger quantities also reveal that the families were large whilst few packets depict relatively smaller family. In sum, the kind of garbage normally depicts the socioeconomic class of the underlying household, the number of persons within the household, economic welfare and culture. Moreover, archaeologists largely depend on garbage in determining of the culture of a family and consequently neighborhood.

Analysis of drama with critical approaches to literature Essay

Analysis of drama with critical approaches to literature - Essay Example In such cases each party in the court is totally involved, like the judge who has to pronounce the judgment, the lawyers arguing the case, the accused and his family members, the family members of the other party, the reporters of the print and electronic media etc. An agonizing and tension ridden atmosphere prevails in the courtroom. In â€Å"Oedipus the King† by Sophocles, Apollo prophesied Oedipus’ fate and communicated this knowledge by the time of his conception. As such, throughout his life the single-pointed aim of Oedipus was to challenge fate to undo the prophecy to save his life and in the process he destroyed/killed anyone who tried to obstruct him and finally ended his own life. Sophocles has succeeded in creating such an atmosphere throughout the play in â€Å"Oedipus the King,† that demands total involvement of the viewers. One of the important God-given boons to a human being is the power of discrimination. On the other hand he is also the owner of his collective destinies. It is the bounden duty of the human being to go on doing actions, without intermission, as per one’s choices authorized by the power of discrimination. Once that is done, the outcome may be good, bad or worst. At the same time one is also constantly affected by the choices others make, with whom one has interactions. That was the case with Oedipus and as such he was the victim of the choices made for him by others. This happened right from the womb to the tomb and from the cradle to the grave and as such his actions were controlled by others, in addition to his own doings. Whether Oedipus is a man of swift action or rash action is a matter of conjecture. For good or bad, he is a man of great insight. If his life is compared to a magnificent orchestra, he is also destined to carry a muffled drum along with him. He is a ruler par excellence who does in advance what his subjects need. He has the elements of devotion and destruction ingrained in his

Site research assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Site assignment - Research Paper Example There are a lot of trees, of various shapes, sizes and colors. Most of them are dark brown in color and are dried because of cold weather. The sun is setting and behind the cloudy atmosphere there is a bright orange-yellow light including a little purplish shade. I see here a lot of colors, the ones which are part of this place, like the pale green grass, brown tress, gray pebbles and the white sides of the jogging track, a small fountain and a pond with a few birds and ducks. There are a lot of people around. People here are wearing warm and neutral colors like red, yellow, grey and black. However, a pink and purple stroller catches my attention. It might be referred to the most colorful sight in the park. The park is full of people and kids around. This must be the busiest time, I guess. There are number of people who are using the park for a walk, others for playing and the rest for feeding the birds and the ducks. I see a group of three women, one of them is carrying her baby in stroller. Fragrance of the place is that of soil, the moist air and a very strong feeling of dryness is experienced. Date: November 21, 2013 Time: 7:00 PM Observation: As this observation requires a walk ignoring surroundings therefore I came at a time when it was quiet here. The space was filled with moisture. The grass was getting wet and there were no birds that could be seen except for a couple of ducks. The pebbles were glazing the dew drops and it was getting cold. I see the grey sky with slight orange shade (of the city lights). The thing that caught my attention was the small house built for ducks and a watch man who probably was there before to take care of the ducks. I could see a couple of ducks outside and I had been wondering since then that where did the rest go. Now I know where they managed to escape. Date: November 22, 2013 Time: 6:00 AM Observation: Today I decided to go for a morning walk at the park. The reason I chose an early timing for the observation was to c omplete the requirements. The sounds I could hear were of the birds chirping and looking for food, I could hear the water coming out of the fountain, I could hear the ducks screaming for bread as laughter could also be heard (of the people around who were feeding the ducks, I think). I could hear the jogging footsteps. The far away sounds were that of two men talking very loudly, a racing car and a cycle bell. Date: November 22, 2013 Observation through memory: It was dawn at 6:00 AM; the sky had beautiful yellowish and orange lights. The park was quiet. There was a lot of dew in the grass and the pebbles on the side of the jogging track were having dew drops upon them. Sight of hues of dawn, pebbles, soil, dew, trees and grasses have a soothing effect. Anyone could have slipped if he/she had tried to run on the grass. The air was cold and wet. There were some people who were jogging on the track while a few were feeding the ducks who were making a lot of noise. The trees were givin g a view of the haunted path with no leaves upon the branches. Their dark brown color was even darker. The ambience was very soothing and relaxing. The wind was blowing and one could feel the coldness in it. I could smell hot coffee and moisture in the air. Variety of Hues Fog, winters and Silence Fragrance of Coffee and moisture Date: November 23, 2013 Time: 10:00 AM Observation: The following day, I went to the park at 10:00 am in the morning. The reality was not at all this. There was fog and the wind was cold. The grass was all wet with dew. There

Importance of English Essay Example for Free

Importance of English Essay By using language someone could make statements, convey facts and knowledge, explain or report something, and keep social relations among the language users. These indicate that by means of language, people can express their ideas, feeling, information etc through communication. Ladies and Gentlemen, As one of language in the world, English is considered and applied as international language. Since then, it is very popular and have been spoken and learnt by almost people in the world. There are some reasons why English is important and many people attempt to learn it. Some of them are: for finding job, traveling, interacting one each other, doing business, taking examination, doing research, writing in the foreign language, etc. Ladies and Gentlemen, In such developing country like Indonesia, English has a vital role in all aspects of life, particularly in science and technology. Furthermore, it can be used for developing relationships in the international forum, for reading English book (especially for students from primary school up to colleges/university), to tighten the relationship among nations in the world, etc. As students, we learn English are intended to obtain various knowledge, to comprehend and understand the textbooks learned in English, to gain knowledge and skills, and to be ready enter to the university, as one of the test requirements for students of senior High School (SMA), etc. Looking at the above important roles of English, that is why English is very important to understand and to master by every people throughout the world since before. My brothers and sisters! At the end of my speech, I will quote a wise expression This expression reminds us how importance of English for human life is. As global or universal language, English is not only enables us to communicate and interact with every people throughout the world, but also it could alter our life to be better. Furthermore, we also must be aware that the western countries play extra ordinary role in developing and keeping science and technology. Thus, if we want to be a skilful scientists, linguists, and be able to compete with the other countries in the world, we must understand, master and learn the language they use, namely English. Ladies and Gentlemen, Before ending this speech, let me conclude the essential points of my speech: 1. English is highly necessary to be learned and mastered by everyone, in order to be able to compete in the globalization era; 2. English is a key to open and master science and technology, because most of scientists write their experts and inventions in English. 3. As students of high school (SMA), we have to prepare ourselves by learning hard, particularly English as well as the other subjects at school; 4. By mastering English enables us to become survive and go anywhere throughout the world; Goethe (a Greek philosopher) has ever said: â€Å"Knowing is not enough, we must apply. Willing is not enough, we must do† Remember: Language indicates Nation. And Don’t Forget â€Å"English is a bridge for the future† Ladies and Gentlemen, I think it’s completely enough for me to this point. The wrong utterances are caused by limitation of my ability and the right one is merely from Allah SWT. So, I beg your pardon, finally I say.

The Operational Management Of The Hsbc Marketing Essay

The Operational Management Of The Hsbc Marketing Essay This paper aims to explain the operational management of the HSBC and how to develop and apply the concept of operational management, which refers to the operational routines that shape the way the firms strategic path is developed over time. There are total four task of analysis in this paper. The first task is to analysis the orientation of it organization and how this orientation affects the ability to deliver the key operational components for its survival such as speed, quality and flexibility. The second task is to identify the key changes within the organization. The third task, is to argue the case for or against to maintaining its orientation in the organization. At the last task is to discuss the important of new product development and how the operation can input in the development hence to reduce the risk of failure of products and services in the market. Outside the stakeholders are taking an increasing interest in the activity of the organization. Mainly look to the outer circle what the organizations has actually done such as: good or bad, in terms of its products and services, in terms of its impact on the environment and on local communities, or how it treats and develops its workforce. Out of the various stakeholders, the financial analysts who are predominantly focused as well as past financial performance on quality of management as an indicator of likely future performance. Flexibility- HSBC continues to enhance certain products development which the core to the companys customer group offering and some products will be managed or coordinated globally. These products include the HSBC cards, which exploits the experience and platforms provided by the Insurance, Cash Management, Household, for scale and international reach, Asset Management, Custody and Funds Administration, and Retirement Benefits. Quality- Besides that, improving the products, HSBC will ensure the customers that the company has the best capabilities, and will be able to offer a comprehensive service to their product expertise globally. Developing and improving their product is important because always aside from the trust of the consumers of the bank, this is also a good source of their profit for with good products and services, the HSBC can attract more customers and maintain old ones, and in turn, determine their success in the market, and maintain their reputation being the worlds local bank. Dependability- Through improving and developing their products and their services, the HSBC can deliver growth by enhancing their revenue generation culture, and this involves four aspects. These aspects including strengthening use of marketing as a key management tool of the business lines, rewarding revenue performance and penalizing mediocrity, focusing investment on businesses and geographies with largest growth potential, and benchmarking growth targets and achievement rigorously against peer group. Growth can continuously be achieved if these aspects will be implemented effectively and efficiency in the market. 1.3.2 The marketing strategic of HSBC HSBC launch the managing for growth program, which is a strategic plan that provides the company with a blueprint for growth and development the company business. The strategy builds on the companys strengths and addresses the areas where further improvement is considered both attractive and attainable. Its core values are integral to its strategy, and communicating them to their customers, shareholders and staffs is deemed as intrinsic to the plan. These values comprise an emphasis on long-term, high productivity through teamwork, ethical client relationship, a confident and ambitious sense of excellence, being international in outlook and character; prudence; creativity and customer focused marketing. The key marketing and business strategy for HSBC is as follows: Brand: make HSBC and its hexagon symbol one of the worlds leading brands for customer experience and corporate social responsibility. Personal Financial Services: drive growth in key markets and through appropriate channels to make HSBC the strongest global player in personal financial services. Consumer Finance: extend the reach of this business to existing customers through a wider product range and penetrate new markets Commercial Banking: make the most of HSBCs international customer base through effective relationship management and improved product offerings in all the Groups markets. Corporate, Investment Banking and Markets: accelerate growth by enhancing capital markets and advisory capabilities focused on client service in defined sectors where HSBC has critical relevance and strength. Private Banking: serve the Groups highest value personal clients around the world. People: attract, develop and motivate HSBCs people, rewarding success and rejecting mediocrity. TSR: fulfil HSBCs TSR target by achieving strong competitive performances in earnings per share growth and efficiency. 1.3.3 The marketing strategic perspective of HSBC The basis for HSBC to develop their strategies is aim to maintain their global competitiveness and reputation. The marketing strategic of HSBC delivery the following key operational components of: Speed- In order to effectiveness the fast product or service delivery and client relationships, the HR team would retain their individual specialist responsibilities and knowledge base on each business area would have a specific individual in the team to act as their client relationship manager (CRM). This is a simple change given that each team member based on their expertise, developed deeper relationships with certain business areas than others. The CRM give the team an up to date overview of all activities in several business area, the businesses challenges, needs and wishes at any point in time. This created a situation that often occurs in small HR teams with competent and enthusiastic members, namely over utilization by specific business areas and a focus on operational delivery. This is again a product of the way the business and team have grown. Team members keen to deliver good quality development to the business have jump at the opportunity to create a positive relationshi p where a need have to identify. Quality- HSBC is to maintain their position as the worlds local bank, which enables them to approach each country uniquely, blending local knowledge with a worldwide operation platform. This is a good approach for each of these regions are distinct from each other, having different culture and beliefs, making it difficult to implement a single project for all client around the world. The difference in this approach is to addressing the different needs of their customers, which is a good basis from the improvement of customer service at the business organization, and their aim is to find good solutions and techniques in the development and improvement of their rendered products and services. Dependability- Different geographies will provide different products or services to different customers. HSBC will concentrate activities on geographies where growth and critical mass and located. Such activities include global outsourcing strategy, which was also implemented by the company in several countries including in Philippines. The company was able to establish itself in call centers to provide their services in relation to sales and checking of accounts. Outsourcing contributes is to aim of HSBC to focus on the needs of their customers, for these all call centres are responsible for providing their customers with an information regarding their accounts. Call centres agents are also take responsible for answering the queries of customers regarding the company. Flexibility- Usually design or innovate new products or services to their customers, provide various products or flexibility services to fit different customers needs and ability to change the timing of delivery of its product and services to customers. 1.3.4 Comparison of orientation affect operational performance objective in HSBC Operational performance objectives Definition Product orientation Marketing orientation Quality Quality is consistent conformance to customer expectation. By providing high quality product and error free transaction of services to customers. Finding what customers want and expect by using research such as: survey, focus group for interview and other techniques that integrated customers voice. And research must reveal what the customers view of quality and whether customers are getting it. Speed The elapsed time between customers requesting products and services and their receiving them. Provide fast delivering products or fast transaction services to customers. Fast decision to change to improve customers satisfaction. Dependability Delivery or making available, products or services when they were promised to the customers. Different part of countries might deliver different type products or services. Different part of countries might have their own marketing strategy to its customers needs. Flexibility The degree to which an operations process can change what it does, how it is doing it or when it is doing it. Ability to introduce new or modified products and services to customers. -Ability to produce a wide range or mix of products and services. -Ability to change the level of output or activity to produce different quantities or volume of products and services over time. Ability to change the timing of delivery of its product and services. Cost One major operations objective, especially where companies compete with prices is cost. Low price is a universal attractive objective to customers, which can be achieved by producing goods at lower costs. Offer a reasonable price for a product and services that customers can afford to paid. In order to gain competitive advantage, the cost will be identifying through market condition and competitors performance. Task 2 2.0 Market Orientation Market orientation is generally regarded as the implementation of the marketing concept. The marketing concept is a philosophy of doing business, which puts the customers needs at the central of the organisation. In terms of the HSBC bank, the marketing concept starts with the customers needs as the top function of banking purpose. The HSBC must identify these needs and then decide which ones it should try to satisfy. The opportunity to meet bank objectives will occur through the banks efforts to determine customers satisfaction. 2.1 Key features of market Orientation According to Narver and Slater (1990) market orientation composed of three behavioral characteristics: Customer Orientation: understanding the potential customer needs in order to create an added value for him on a continuance basis. Competitor Orientation: knowing the strength and weaknesses as well as capabilities and strategies of key competitors. Inter Functional Coordination: coordinating use of the firm resources for creating high added value to target customers. Figure 1: Narver and Slaters view on market orientation. Source: Narver and Slater (1990). 2.1.1 Customer orientation The vital of this characteristic is to demonstration the understanding and commitment that results in enhanced value to the clients. The key behaviours of a customer approach include such as: providing services of values, researching customer needs, concentrating on needs, committing to customers, focusing on customers satisfaction; reporting and measuring satisfaction, and augmenting existing services. In order to focus customer orientation, HSBC should analyse the behaviour of their customers and using research such as survey, group focus interview and other technique that integrated customers voice to their expectation. 2.1.2 Competitor orientation This characteristic meets with the most resistance, who believe that competition amongst banks is unhealthy and counterproductive. But competition needs to be defined more broadly to include generic competition. Competition, from the viewpoint of the customer, is whatever will directly or indirectly satisfy a need. To understand the market, the HSBC must recognise that there is competition and that it is advantageous to benchmark the bank against other quantity programs and facilities that are offered by other banks as well evaluate the offerings from other generic competition. Key behaviours are open discussion of competitors; evaluating competitor behaviour; assessing competitor strategies; and examining opportunities for improvement. 2.1.3 Inter-functional Coordination The key indicator of this characteristic is the total commitment of all members to a marketing philosophy and the integration of marketing activities to provide value to the customer. Typical behaviours in HSBC should include those aspects: teams and departments working together to meet up customers needs, teams and departments sharing market information, teams and departments are integrating strategies, all sections working together to offer great value to customers, and the teams willing to share the resources. 2.1.4 Long-term Growth Focus HSBC normally regard a five year cycle as long term, claiming that the environment is too uncertain to plan beyond this time frame. Despite this, research indicates that organisations should develop a strategic plans, or strategic intentions, that go well beyond a five year cycle. Behaviours associated with this aspect include: adopting a long term focus in matters of expansion or survival, attempting to service all customers (shareholders, suppliers, staff and so on)in the long run, aiming for effective organisational performance in the marketplace, implementing and identify new value added services, and identifying the overcoming deficiencies in banking services. Task 3 3.0 Where Industry Life Cycle comes from? The industry life cycle imitates the human life cycle. The stages of industry lifecycle include fragmentation, shake out, maturity and decline. (Kotler, 2003) 3.1 Current industry life cycle in UK retail banking Figure 2: the banking industry life cycle (Source: from FSA website)1987 2009 Growth in UK bank has increased dramatically, and the rate of return on equity substantially exceeds the cost capital. UK banking has been a high growth, high return business and leading UK banks show some of the highest market capitalization in the EU. In the past twenty years the proportion of UK households with a bank account has risen dramatically (from 60% in 1980 to 94% in 2009). The number of service that a bank sells to a typical customer has also increased dramatically. In 2009, a bank typically cross-sells the current-account customer to a variety of other services, including likes mortgage, credit cards, personal loans, life and general insurance, car insurance and investment product such as mutual trust and unit trust. Besides that, technology has enabled banks to perform their retail business more efficiency. Advances in communication and information technology have driven down the cost of processing and made it feasible to perform this processing remotely from the banks branches. The introduction of cash machine, internet and phone banking has driven the cost per transaction. So did the consolidation of banking enterprises via merger and acquisition. Together, the expansion in revenue and the reduction in unit cost have lead to dramatic increase in profits from UK retail banking. 3.3 The reason to maintain its orientation in HSBC It enables continuous learning and knowledge accumulation through continuous collection of information about customers and competitors and using information to create superior customer value and competitive advantage. Will confuse customers if bank keep changing its orientation. High risk to change its orientation most of them might face failure in changing a new orientation. Changing may be costly and wasteful of resources such as time to re-training staff into new orientations, RD costs, switching costs, increase advertisement cost and marketing cost. Changing orientation will affect the organization in culture, management, leadership and operational. The operational efficiency and effectiveness is improved if orientation maintained. 3.3.1 The important of maintain marketing orientation and product orientation in HSBC Marketing Orientation Product orientation Is an organizational culture that most effectively and efficiency creates the necessary behaviours for the creation of superior value for buyer and thus, continuous superior performance business (Narver and Slater, 1990). The important to maintain marketing orientation because it usually focus the following advantages aspects: Increased profit through improved customer satisfaction. New opportunities occur due to greater understanding of markets, customers and competitors. Tapping into the knowledge of employees and directors more effectively. Improved understanding of customer requirement. Product and service development strategies greatly improved. Increase level of employee satisfaction Systems to raise both customer retention and customer acquisition. Development of a learning culture. Besides that, marketing orientation can facilitate the HSBC to compete by following sustainable competitive advantage: Creating a link between customer wants and organizational strengths Consider the competition from the customer perspective Creating and maintaining superior value through effective application of the marketing mix. A product orientation leads to marketing myopia (Levitt 1960), by focusing on the product rather than the customers needs. The advantages to maintain product orientation are as follows: Quality should be guaranteed. The product is consistent (any changes are progressive). Future activities are more predictable. 3.4 The reasons against maintaining its orientation in HSBC The environment (such as technologies) keeps changing, and maintaining the orientation may keep the bank off-track with competition. Operations need adjustment to keep with the changes. To attract new customers and sustainable competitive advantage. Where, organization will faced lost confidence or lost attractive by customers with current orientation. Customers have become more demanding to improved services such as: Shorter waiting time, 24/7 services, reduced lending rates, shorter loan approval period, etc. Bank may have to adjust its operations to take note of the changes. To improve reputation- by changing new orientation might help organization to improve well known reputation. To keep growth of product or services in its all market. Task 4 4.0 The new product development process The new product development process (NPD process) can be defined as a disciplined and unambiguous set of tasks and steps that describe the normal means by which an organization repetitively converts embryonic into saleable products or services. Two commonly used NPD process models are described as follows: A five-stage framework linking new product development opportunity to design, testing, information, and profit management. The stage-gate system that recognize the importance of cross-functional teams, parallel processing in activities, and up-front predevelopment activities in the NPD process. Testing Introduction Profit management Design Opportunity identification Stage 1 Preliminary assessment Stage 2 Business case preparation Stage 5 Full Production/ market launch Stage 4 Testing and validation Stage 3 Development Figure3: Two commonly used NPD process Models Primarily (Source: World Class Theory and Practice (International Edition) 4.1 The importance of new product development NPD is typically important for an organization. The importance for ongoing innovation is discussed by Lancaster and Massingham (1993,p. 128) is today, most organizations must either innovate or go out of business. Clearly, then, innovation and the new product development which such innovation gives rise to is not just desirable but is essential to long-term market and competitive success. 4.1.1 Sources of Competitive Advantage HSBC innovate and develop new products or services are because the new products or services offer them unique opportunities for competitive advantage. For example: HSBC was the first bank to launch TV banking and has returned to profitability. The early movers also have the advantage of taking a leading role in setting HSBCs standards for the emerging product categories. 4.1.2 Market Share Gain New product introduced in the marketplace provide additional first mover advantages to the organizations. By developing new products, HSBC can quickly capture a big share of the market before competitive products are introduced. For example HSBC creation of a joint-venture with Merrill-Lynch to create a new Internet based global banking service. 4.1.3 Higher profitability During the early stages, a new product faces less competition than a product in a mature; therefore, its profitability tends to be higher. As the market becomes saturated with several competitive products, prices start falling and profit margin decrease. This general trend is observed in HSBC. 4.1.4 Enhancement corporate image and Brand Name The development of innovative and creative new products will create HSBC in very powerful source of goodwill and creates a positive of corporate image. It is not easy to assign a monetary value to the goodwill associated with enhance corporate image results from new product development. At the same time, brand equity measures used in marketing show that organizations with more successful new product development efforts command higher respect from customers, which leads to enhanced long-term profitability. 4.1.5 Operating Cost and Capacity Utilization HSBC constantly innovate also identify better approaches for producing products. The product development effort is often closely linked with process development. Therefore, over a period of time, production cost is reduced, leading to enhance profitability. Furthermore, new products provide the opportunity for enhance sales, as the demand or older products decreases over time. Therefore, HSBC can continue to operate at a similar capacity id it continues to innovate and introduce new products. 4.2 The operational input into the development of TV banking in HSBC Research found that different development presents different strategic and operations types of actions in HSBC. An example to development TV banking in HSBC, this project involved the development of a new technological capability to manage transactions by TV remote control. Figure 4: The initiative development characteristics Initiative Exploration vs. exploitation The major issue of the initiative Capital investment Decision making style successful Life span (years) TV banking Exploration Technology Medium Top-down Yes 3 The operational inputs into the development are base on 3 stages such as follows: 4.2.1 The First Stage Idea Generation Primarily focus on the initial stage of the initiative and examine the factors that shape the idea as it emerges. This section has two main themes. The first themes is focuses on the origin of each of the initiatives; and the second themes is focuses on the way in which the initiative gains initial approval. In HSBC the major source of initiatives came from senior managers who were following an idea of their departmental mission. The other factors in Harts (1992) categorization were not found to be significant. They are the ways in which the initiatives initials ideas were spark: The investment in TV banking: The first contact came when the other party in the venture approached the bank. At primary, the decision was not to invest in the firm, since the project did not fit the banks requirements. Six months later SKY and BT approached the Head of Strategy, who took the lead. Since the other party changed their requirement for a bank partner, it was possible for the bank to accept the offer. According to Burgelman (1983) the ideas for initiatives in his research cases came from the line managers and was based on technological development possibilities. But my opinion reveals different sources. In my opinion the idea for each initiative emerged from the senior level of management, based on a view of the departmental mission. In order to development TV banking in HSBC, the first step was to organise an informal meeting between a senior member of the top team and the initiator. Without this initial approval, the initiator cannot continue with this project. The development of TV banking projects was presented to the GM of Marketing, who decided to adopt the idea, and the department will began to plan the project in detail. The beginning of the working project involved collaboration with different departments. After finished the concept creation part of the project the marketing department started to think about implementation. And the next steps, the marketing department will took it to implementation planning. 4.2.2 The second stage- Concept development In the second stage, the initiatives basic concept that was permitted by one of the top team is developed into a concrete plan. This plan will be executed in the third stage of development- the implementation stage. This section is discussing two main issues: The development of the concept The preparation for implementation During this stage the bank forms two-layer management style for concept development and implementation. In this management structure, each project has a steering committee and an operational committee that collaborate on the concepts development of the concept and implementation. Looking to the concept development, the process is separated into two parts: Focuses on forming the concept-The initial work on the initiatives concept the study is done by the initiator by using external and internal sources. In the TV banking project the project manager began to form organizational support for the project only after the investment decision and a six-month period of planning and studying the projects needs in the SDU offices. Then, the whole implementations design was conducted by the Marketing Department. Focuses on extending the concept and developing the role of each department in the development of the initiative- By explore the implications for the perceived success of initiatives. In the TV banking project, the planners included more scope for benefits then were initially thought possible. 4.2.3 The Third Stage-Implementation In the third stage of the development is implemented. The main concern of this section is to look at the administrative system through which implementation is achieved. The bank has to develop a particular system through which it conducts its projects. This involves two-layer management structure. The first layer of the management structure is the steering committee, which is headed by the project sponsor, who is usually a senior general manager in the department responsible for the project. The other members of the steering committee are managers from project-related departments. The second management body is the working committee. Figure 4 portrays the structure of development TV banking. The solid line arrow represents the chain of command for the project, and the black down arrow indicates that the steering committee consists of the managers or their department representatives in the working group. When the project is particularly complex, as in the TV banking project, the project itself is divided into many sub-projects, and each may having its own operations committee. However, the whole project has one coordinating operations committee. The project manager, who heads the co-ordination committee, reports to the project sponsor on the development of this committee. Thus, the whole project has one steering committee and one coordinating operations committee. Normally, the steering committee meets once a month (but this can vary according to need) and the operation committee meets once a week. The steering committee includes in the management level of the department, while the operation committee includes in the members of staff who actually conduct the project. The steering committee needs to solve and support the operation committee in all the problems it faces. These could be external or internal in the firm. External in the firm such as: the choice of technologies and the market. Whereas, internal in the firm they could be such as: internal communication and negotiation to priorities objectives between departments. The project sponsor The steering Group The project manager The working Group Figure 5: The two layered management structure 4.3 Step to reduce Failure on new development In order to reduce the risk of failure of products or services in the market, HSBC can utilize marketing research. At the heart of any product success by truly understanding of consumer wants and needs, and how HSBC new product could fill those needs in a meaningful way. There are four steps to follows: Step one: Market understanding HSBC can use tools such as qualitative research, category assessment, and segmentation to understand the competitive landscape, why consumers buy certain products, how they use those products, and what unmet needs they may have. Step 2: Apply that insight in concept development Here HSBC can use brainstorming, concept testing, and volumetric forecasting to generate new product ideas, identify areas for improvement, and determine which products are most promising. Step 3: Building on that knowledge, HSBC can move to product development In this step HSBC can use marketing research tools such as product testing, packaging research, pricing research, and claim substantiation help them to understand how their product performs in real-world conditions, how it compares to competing products, and what competitive claims HSBC can make. Step 4: After product launch, HSBC move to product management. HSBC can use tools such as customer satisfaction research, tracking research and promotion assessment to determine key metrics related to competitor comparisons, product awareness, consumer usage, and optimum marketing approaches. While theres no sure-fire way to ensure product success, marketing research is cruci